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''Mexico'Meksika''' (MexicoMexiko), UnitedMeksika MexicanQoʻshma StatesShtatlari (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is aShimoliy countryAmerikaning injanubiy southernqismida Northjoylashgan Americadavlat. Member of the [[UNBMT]] aʼzosi. The area isMaydoni 1958.,2 thousandming km². A total ofAholisi 101.,9 mln. personkishi (2001). ThePoytaxti capital is [[MexicoMexiko]] shahri. Administratively,Maʼmuriy it is divided intojihatdan 31 statesshtat andva 1 capitalpoytaxt federal districtokrugiga boʻlinadi.
 
== StateDavlat systemtuzumi ==
M. — federativ respublika. Meksika Qoʻshma Shtatlarining 1917-yil 5-fevraldagi Siyosiy Kon-stitutsiyasi amal qiladi, unga keyinchalik oʻzgartishlar kiritilgan. Davlat boshligʻi — prezident (2000 yildan Vi-sente Foks Kesada), u umumiy toʻgʻri ovoz berish yoʻli bilan 6 yil muddatga saylanadi. Konstitutsiyaga binoan, prezident qayta saylanishi mumkin emas. Qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni Milliy kongress (2 palatali parlament), ijroiya hokimiyatni prezident amalga oshiradi.
M. - federal republic. The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of February 5, 1917, which came into force, was subsequently amended. The head of state is the president (Vi-sente Fox Kesada since 2000), who is elected by universal suffrage for a six-year term. Under the constitution, the president cannot be re-elected. Legislative power is exercised by the National Congress (bicameral parliament), while executive power is exercised by the president.
 
== NatureTabiati ==
M. qirgʻoqlari kam parchalangan, eng katta yarim orollari — Kaliforniya va Yukatan. Tinch okeandagi bir necha orol ham M. tarkibiga kiradi. Mamlakat hududining katta qismini Meksika togʻligi (aksariyat balandligi 1000–2000 m, eng baland joyi — harakatdagi Orisaba vulkanlari — 5700 m) egallaydi. Sohilga yaqin joylari pasttekislik. Meksika qoʻltigʻida neftgazli havza, Meksika togʻligida rangli metall rudalari (mis, qoʻrgʻoshin, pyx, kumush, simob, margimush, surma, kadmiy, vismut, qalay, volfram, oltin), mamlakatning Shimoli-sharqida toshkoʻmir, temir va uran rudalari, oltingugurt konlari bor. Iqlimi tropik, shimolida subtropik iqlim. Yanvarning oʻrtacha temperaturasi 10°—25°, iyulniki 15°—30°. Yillik yogʻin togʻ yon bagʻirlarida esa 2000–3000 mm.
The coasts of M. are less fragmented, the largest peninsulas being California and the Yucatan. Several islands in the Pacific Ocean are also part of the M. Most of the country is covered by the mountains of Mexico (mostly 1000-2000 m high, the highest point - the active Orisaba volcanoes - 5700 m). Plains near the coast are flat. An oil and gas basin in the Gulf of Mexico, non-ferrous metal ores (copper, lead, pyx, silver, mercury, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, bismuth, tin, tungsten, gold) in the mountains of Mexico, coal, iron and uranium ores, gold in the northeast. . The climate is tropical, subtropical in the north. The average temperature in January is 10 ° -25 °, and in July 15 ° -30 °. Annual precipitation on the slopes is 2000–3000 mm.
 
ThereJanubi-sharqida aredaryosoylar manykoʻp, rivers in the southeast and few in theshimoli-gʻarbida northwestkam (thereYukatan isyarim noorolda runningumuman wateroqar atsuv all on the Yucatan Peninsulayoʻq). Yirik Major riversdaryolari: Rio-Grande (Rio-Bravodel-Norte), Lerma (downstreamquyi calledoqimida Rio-Grandede SantiagoSantyago deb ataladi), Balsas, Grixalva - Usumasinta riverdare systemsistemasi. Eng Thekatta largestkuli ash is Chapala. Shimoli-gʻarbida, In the northwestasosan, mainlyboʻz graytuproq soilsva andchoʻlga commonxos desertoddiy soilstuproqlar; togʻliklarda In the highlands there are red-brownsurjigarrang, brownjigarrrang, savanna redqizil soilstuproqlari andva mountaintogʻ-forestoʻrmon brownqoʻngʻir soilstuproqlari, inpasttekisliklarda the lowlands there are red-brownsurjigarrang, savanna redqizil tuproqlari soilsva andbotqoq swamptuproqlari soilsuchraydi.
 
Oʻsimliklari juda xilma-xil. M.da oʻsimliklarning 12 mingga yakin turi bor; shulardan 2/3 qismi endemik oʻsimliklardir. Meksika togʻligining shimoliy kattaroq qismida uziga xos kserofil oʻsimliklar, shuningdek, mimozadosh butalar oʻsadigan chala choʻl va choʻllar asosiy oʻrin tutadi. Togʻliqning janubiy qismida va bu yerlarni oʻrab olgan pasttekislik sohillarida boshoqlilar va sertikan butalardan iborat savanna oʻsimliklari, togʻlarda bargli va aralash oʻrmonlar (dub, grab, joʻka, karagay, oqqaragʻay va boshqalar) usadi; M.ning janubiy va janubi-sharqiy qismlarida aksari tropik oʻrmonlar, sharqiy yon bagʻirlarida doim yashil sernam oʻrmonlar, gʻarbiy yon bagʻirlarida igna bargli, togʻ etaklarida barg toʻkadigan oʻrmonlar bor.
The plants are very diverse. There are about 12,000 species of plants in M.; 2/3 of them are endemic plants. Much of northern Mexico is dominated by xerophilous vegetation, as well as semi-deserts and deserts with mimosa shrubs. In the southern part of the mountains and on the surrounding lowland shores, savanna plants consisting of cereals and shrubs grow, and in the mountains, deciduous and mixed forests (oak, hornbeam, linden, pine, spruce, etc.) grow; There are mostly tropical forests in the southern and southeastern parts of the country, evergreen sernam forests on the eastern slopes, coniferous forests on the western slopes, and deciduous forests in the foothills.
 
Yovvoyi hayvonlardan chala choʻl va choʻllarda kemiruvchilar — yer qazir (yer sichqon), koyot (yaylov boʻrisi), Meksika togʻligi oʻrmonlarida qora ayiq, yenot, kizil silovsin, puma, savannalarda bugʻu, chumolixoʻr, jayra, janubiydagi tropik oʻrmonlarda maymunning 2 turi, tapir, yaguar uchraydi. Hayvo-not, oʻsimlik dunyosi va boshqa noyob joylarni qoʻriqlash maqsadida 50 dan koʻproq bogʻ tashkil etilgan. Eng yiriklari: Kumbreode-Monterrey, Syerrade-San-PedroMartir, Kan-ondelrio Blanko va boshqa
Among the wild animals, rodents in the semi-deserts and steppes are the earth mouse, the coyote, the black bear, the raccoon, the red lynx, the cougar, the deer in the savannas, the antelope, the jayra, and the southern tropical forests. jaguar occurs. More than 50 parks have been established to protect wildlife, flora and other unique sites. The largest: Cumbreode-Monterrey, Sierrade-San PedroMartir, Can-ondelrio Blanco and others
 
Aholisining kupi meksikanlar boʻlib, ular indeys kabilalari va elatlari, Yevropa (asosan, Ispaniya)dan kuchib kelganlar va plantatsiyalarda ishlatish uchun keltirilgan afrikaliklardan iborat. Aholining yarmidan ortigʻi aralash nikoxdan tugʻilgan metis va mulatlardir. Tub indeys xalqlari oʻz tillari va madaniyatlarini qisman saqlab qolgan. Ispanlar, basklar, nemislar, fransuzlar, italyanlar va boshqa ham bor. Rasmiy til — ispan tili. Dindorlarning 96% katoliklar. 73% aholi shaharlarda yashaydi. Yirik shaharlari: Mexiko, Gvadalahara, Monterrey, Leon, Syudad-Xuares.
The majority of the population is Mexican, consisting of Indians and ethnic groups, immigrants from Europe (mainly Spain), and Africans brought to plantations. More than half of the population are mestizos and mulattoes born of mixed marriages. Indigenous peoples have partially preserved their languages ​​and cultures. There are Spaniards, Basques, Germans, French, Italians and more. The official language is Spanish. 96% of believers are Catholics. 73% of the population lives in cities. Major cities: Mexico, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Leon, Ciudad Juarez.
 
== DateTarixi ==
M. hududida odam yuqori paleolit (miloddan 20—15 ming yil oldin) davridan yashaydi. Bu yerda turli davrlarda Gʻarbiy yarim shardagi eng rivojlangan sivilizatsiyalardan biri mavjud boʻlgan. Miloddan avvalgi 1ming yillik oʻrtalaridan aholi oʻtroq hayot kechira boshlagan, dehqonchilik, hunarmandchilik, sanʼat taraqqiy etgan. Milod boshlarida Markaziy Amerikaning shimoli-gʻarbiy qismida mayya qabilalari yashagan. 1ming yillikning 2-yarmida Markaziy M.da tolteklar xiyla yuksak madaniyat yaratdilar. Lekin bu madaniyatni 2-ming yillikning boshlarida naua qabilalari barbod qildi. Naua qabilalari orasida atsteklar ham bor edi, ular hozirgi Mexiko shahrini barpo etdilar va 14-asrda yirik davlat tuzdilar, bu davlat 15-asrda Markaziy va Janubiy M.ning eng qudratli davlatiga aylandi. Bu yerda dehqonchilik, hunarmandchilik, qurilish texnikasi, tasviriy sanʼat birmuncha rivoj topdi. 1517 yil M.ni ispanlar bosib ola boshladilar. 16-asr oxiriga kelib M. xududi butunlay zabtetildi. Yangi Ispaniya vitseqirolligi tuzildi, butun hokimiyat ispan zamindorlari qoʻl ostiga oʻtdi. Mahalliy aholining aksar qismi oʻz yerlaridan mahrum etildi, mustamlaka hokimlari, zamindorlar va katolik cherkoviga tobe boʻlib qoldi. Ocharchilik, kasalliklar koʻplab indeyslarning yostigʻini quritdi (ispanlar zabt eta boshlagan paytda 25 mln.ga yaqin indeys boʻlgan boʻlsa, 1605 yilga kelganda 1mln. dan sal ortiq indeys qoldi). Ishchi kuchi yetishmay qolgach, Afrikadan koʻplab negr qullar keltirila boshladi. Meksika sanoatining rivojlanishiga turli yoʻllar bilan toʻsqinlik qilindi, koʻpchilik ekinlarni ekishni taqiqlab, tuz, porox, tamaki mahsulotlari sotish davlat monopoliyasiga aylantirildi. Mahalliy xalq mustamlakachilarga qarshi bosh koʻtarib bir necha bor qoʻzgʻolon qildi. Iqtisodiy aloqalarning rivojlanishi va ichki bozorning vujudga kelishi, milliy ongning uygʻonishi taʼsirida 19-asrning boshlarida meksikan millati tarkib topa boshladi.
In the territory of M. man lives from the Upper Paleolithic (20-15 thousand years BC). It has been home to one of the most advanced civilizations in the Western Hemisphere at various times. From the middle of the 1st millennium BC, the population began to settle down, and agriculture, handicrafts, and arts flourished. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Maya lived in northwestern Central America. In the second half of the 1st millennium, the Toltecs created a much higher culture in Central M. But this culture was destroyed by the Naua tribes in the early 2nd millennium. Among the Naua tribes were the Aztecs, who built what is now Mexico City and formed a large state in the 14th century, which in the 15th century became the most powerful state in Central and Southern M.C. Agriculture, handicrafts, construction techniques, and fine arts flourished here. In 1517 M. was conquered by the Spaniards. By the end of the 16th century, the territory of M. was completely conquered. A new Spanish viceroyalty was formed, and all power passed to the Spanish landowners. Most of the local population was deprived of their lands and became dependent on colonial rulers, landowners, and the Catholic Church. Famine and disease dried up the pillows of many Indians (there were about 25 million Indians at the time of the Spanish conquest, and by 1605 there were just over 1 million Indians). When there was a shortage of labor, many Negro slaves began to be brought in from Africa. The development of Mexican industry was hampered in various ways, many crops were banned, and the sale of salt, gunpowder, and tobacco became a state monopoly. The local people revolted against the colonialists several times. The Mexican nation began to take shape in the early 19th century as a result of the development of economic ties and the emergence of the domestic market and the awakening of national consciousness.
 
Amerikadagi ispan mustamlakalarining mustaqillik uchun olib borgan urushi davrida (1810—26), xususan, 1810—15 yillarda M.da M. Idalgo va X. M. Morelos rahbarligida dehqonlar qoʻzgʻoloni boʻlib oʻtdi, bu qoʻzgʻolon sha-fqatsiz bostirildi. Ispaniyadagi 1820—23 yillar inqilobi va Janubiy Amerikadagi Ispaniya mustamlakalari vatanparvarlarining muvaffaqiyatlari M.da xalq ozodlik harakatining yangidan koʻtarilishiga sabab boʻldi. A. Iterbude boshchiligidagi harakat keng xalq ommasi tomonidan koʻllab-quvvatlandi. 1821 yil M. mustaqil davlat, 1824 yil esa respublika deb eʼlon qilindi. 1845 yil AQSH Texasni, 1846—48 yillardagi Amerika-Meksika urushi natijasida mamlakat hududining qariyb yarmini bosib oddi. M.ga qarshi uyushtirilgan Angliya-Fransiya-Yspaniya intervensiyasi meksikan xalqining qahramonona qarshiligiga uchrab, interventlarning magʻlubiyati bilan tugadi. 1877-80 va 1884-1911 yillarda general P. Dias prezident boʻlib turdi; ana shu davrda fuqarolar ozodligi oyoq osti qilindi, kongress oʻz ahamiyatini yoʻqotdi. 20-asrning boshlaridan inqilobiy yuksalish roʻy bera boshladi. 1910 yilda dehqonlar harakati avj olib ketdi. F. Vilya, E. Sapata dehqonlar harakatining eng yirik rahbarlari edilar. 1910—17 yillarda M.da inqilob boʻlib oʻtdi. 1911 yil may oyida Dias rejimi agʻdarib tashlandi. Yangi konstitutsiya qabul qilindi.
During the Spanish War of Independence (1810–26), especially in 1810–15, a peasant uprising led by M. Hidalgo and H. M. Morelos took place in the United States, which was brutally suppressed. The revolution of 1820-23 in Spain and the success of the patriots of the Spanish colonies in South America led to a resurgence of the people's liberation movement in M. The movement, led by A. Iterbude, was supported by the general public. In 1821 M. was declared an independent state, and in 1824 a republic. In 1845, the United States occupied Texas, and as a result of the American-Mexican War of 1846-48, it occupied almost half of the country's territory. The Anglo-French-Spanish intervention against M. was met with heroic opposition from the Mexican people and ended in the defeat of the interventions. General P. Diaz served as president from 1877-80 and 1884-1911; it was during this period that civil liberties were trampled on and Congress lost its significance. From the beginning of the 20th century, a revolutionary upsurge began. In 1910, the peasant movement peaked. F. Villa, E. Zapata were the greatest leaders of the peasant movement. In 1910-17 a revolution took place in M. In May 1911, the Dias regime was overthrown. A new constitution was adopted.
 
1929—33 yillardagi jahon iktisodiy boʻhroni davrida inqilobiy harakat kuchaydi va milliy inqilobiy partiyaning radikal qanoti vakili L. Kardenas-idelrio prezident qilib saylandi. Uning hukumati (1934—40) mu-him oʻzgarishlar qildi, yer islohoti oʻtkazdi.
During the world economic crisis of 1929-33, the revolutionary movement intensified and L. Cardenas-Idelrio, a member of the radical wing of the National Revolutionary Party, was elected president. His government (1934-40) underwent significant changes, including land reform.
 
Ikkinchi jahon urushining boshlarida M. hukumati betaraf ekanligini bildirdi; lekin 1942 yil may oyida fashistlar blokiga qarshi urush eʼlon qildi. Urushdan keyingi yillarda M. iqtisodiyoti yuksala bordi. Biroq qishloqda ahvol oʻzgarmadi. 60-yillardan boshlab L. Mateos (1958—64) va D. Ordas (1964—70) hukumatlari milliy iqtisodiyotni mustahkamlash yoʻlini tutdi. 1970 yilda hokimiyat tepasiga kelganL. Echeverria hukumati ahvolni yaxshilash uchun yer islohoti toʻgʻrisida qonun (1971), yangi saylov qonuni (1972), mahalliy kapital qoʻyilishini ragʻbatlantirish va chet el kapitalini tartibga solish toʻgʻrisida qonun (1973) qabul qildi, davlat xizmatchilari uchun haftasiga 5 ish kuni joriy qildi. M.ning Gʻarbiy Yevropa mamlakatlari, Yaponiya va Lotin Amerikasidagi bir qancha mamlakatlar bilan tashqi savdo aloqalari kengaytirildi.
At the beginning of World War II, the M. government stated that it was neutral; but in May 1942 he declared war on the Nazi bloc. In the post-war years, M.'s economy continued to grow. However, the situation in the village has not changed. Beginning in the 1960s, the governments of L. Mateos (1958-64) and D. Ordas (1964-70) set out to strengthen the national economy. He came to power in 1970. To improve the situation, the Echeverria government passed the Land Reform Act (1971), a new election law (1972), a law to encourage local capital investment and the regulation of foreign capital (1973), and introduced five working days per week for civil servants. M. expanded his foreign trade relations with Western European countries, Japan and several countries in Latin America.
 
1976 yilda saylangan prezident L. Portilo va ayniqsa, 1994 yilda saylangan E. Sedilo hukumatlari sanoat va qishloq xoʻjaligini rivojlantirish, iqtisodiy islohotlar oʻtkazishga urindi. Ammo mamlakatning tashqi qarzi oshdi, ishlab chiqarish quvvatlaridan foydalanish pasaydi, ekinzorlar qisqardi. 2000 yil "Oʻng markazchi alyans" blokidan Visente Foks Kesadaning prezident lavozimiga saylanishi 1929 yildan buyon mamlakatni idora qilib kelayotgan Institutsioninqilobiy partiyaning hukmronligiga chek qoʻydi. Keyingi yillarda xoʻjalik boshqaruvini mahalliylashtirish, davlatga qarashli norentabel korxonalarni qisqartirish, iqtisodiyotning "ochikligi" va tadbirkorlik fa-oliyatini kuchaytirish, oʻzaro manfa-atli xalqaro hamkorlikni rivojlantirish siyosati oʻtkazila boshladi. M. 1991 yil 26 dekabrda Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi mustaqilligini tan olgan va 1992 yil 16 martda u bilan diplomatiya munosabatlari oʻrnatgan. M. 1945 yildan BMT aʼzosi. Milliy bayrami — 16 sentabr — Mustaqillik eʼlon qilingan kun (1810).
The governments of President L. Portillo, elected in 1976, and especially E. Sedilo, elected in 1994, sought to develop industry and agriculture and to carry out economic reforms. However, the country's external debt has increased, the use of production capacity has decreased, and crops have shrunk. In 2000, the election of Vicente Fox Quesada from the center-right Alliance put an end to the dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which had ruled the country since 1929. In recent years, the policy of localization of economic management, reduction of unprofitable state-owned enterprises, strengthening the "openness" of the economy and entrepreneurship, the development of mutually beneficial international cooperation has begun. M. recognized the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 26, 1991 and established diplomatic relations with it on March 16, 1992. M. Member of the UN since 1945. National holiday - September 16 - Independence Day (1810).
 
== PoliticalSiyosiy partiespartiyalari, tradekasaba unionsuyushmalari ==
Institutsion-inqilobiy partiya, 1929 yilda tuzilgan (1938 yilgacha Milliyinqilobiy partiya, 1946 yilgacha M. inqilobiy partiyasi deb atalgan, 1946 yildan hoz nomda); Kardenista milliy yangilanish fronti partiyasi, 1972 yilda asos solingan; M. koʻkatparvar ekologiya partiyasi, 1987 yilda tuzilgan; Demokratik inqilob partiyasi, 1989 yilda tashkil etilgan; Milliy harakat partiyasi, 1939 yilda tuzilgan. Kasaba uyushmalari: Mehnat kongressi, 1966 yilda tuzilgan; M. mehnatkashlari konfederatsiyasi, 1936 yilda asos solingan; M. ishchilari mintaqa konfederatsiyasi, 1918 yilda tashkil etilgan; Ishchi va dehqonlarning inqilobiy konfederatsiyasi, 1952 yilda tuzilgan; M. ishchi va dehqonlarining Xasinto Lopes nomidagi umumiy ittifoqi, 1949 yilda asos solingan; Mehnatkashlarning inqilobiy konfederatsiyasi, 1954 yil tashkil etilgan; Davlat xizmatchilari kasaba uyushmalari federatsiyasi 1938 yil tuzilgan.
Institutional-Revolutionary Party, formed in 1929 (National Revolutionary Party until 1938, renamed M. Revolutionary Party until 1946, renamed Haz since 1946); Cardenista National Renewal Front Party, founded in 1972; M. Green Ecological Party, formed in 1987; Democratic Revolutionary Party, founded in 1989; The National Action Party, formed in 1939. Trade Unions: Labor Congress, formed in 1966; M. Confederation of Workers, founded in 1936; M. Regional Confederation of Workers, founded in 1918; The Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants, formed in 1952; M. General Union of Workers and Peasants named Jacinto Lopez, founded in 1949; Revolutionary Confederation of Workers, founded 1954; The Federation of Trade Unions of Civil Servants was established in 1938.
 
== Xoʻjaligi ==