Pyrus communis: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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Ikromova Guli (munozara | hissa)
Ikromova Guli (munozara | hissa)
Tahrir izohi yoʻq
Qator 1:
 
{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |''Pyrus communis''
Qator 9 ⟶ 8:
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| colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]<br /><br />[[Least Concern]] <small>&nbsp;([[IUCN Red List|IUCN 3.1]])<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBarstow,_M.2017"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="321">Barstow, M. (2017). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="322">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/173010/61580281 "''Pyrus communis''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="323">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2017''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="325">T173010A61580281. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T173010A61580281.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T173010A61580281.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="327">UK.2017-3.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="328">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="329"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T173010A61580281.en|T173010A61580281.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="330"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref></small></div>
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! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Ilmiy tasniflash
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Qator 40 ⟶ 39:
|<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''P.&nbsp;communis'''''</div>
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! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Binar nomi
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Pyrus communis''</span>'''<br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</div>
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! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Sinonimlar
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Qator 80 ⟶ 79:
** ''Pyrus pyraster'' var. ''achras'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gaertn.) Cinovskis</span>
** ''Pyrus pyraster'' var. ''relicta'' <span style="font-size:85%;">Dostálek</span>
** ''Pyrus pyraster'' var. ''rossica'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(A. D. Danilov) Tuz</span>
** ''Pyrus pyraster'' var. ''tomentosa'' <span style="font-size:85%;">(W. D. J. Koch) Dostálek</span>
** ''Pyrus rossica'' <span style="font-size:85%;">A. D. Danilov</span>
** ''Pyrus salviati'' <span style="font-size:85%;">Poit.</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">& Turpin</span>
** ''Sorbus pyrus'' <span style="font-size:85%;">Crantz</span>
Qator 88 ⟶ 87:
</div>
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'''''Pyrus communis''''', '''oddiy nok''', markaziy va sharqiy Yevropa va G'arbiyGʻarbiy Osiyodan kelib chiqqan [[nok]] turi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://apps.kew.org/trees/?page_id=123|sarlavha=Heritage Rare & Iconic Trees - Visit Kew Gardens|ish=kew.org}}</ref>.
 
Bu mo'tadilmoʻtadil mintaqalarning eng muhim mevalaridan biri bo'libboʻlib, [[Yevropa]], [[Shimoliy Amerika]] va [[Avstraliya|Avstraliyada]] o'stirilganoʻstirilgan nok [[Nav|navlarining]] ko'pkoʻp turlari ishlab chiqilgan. Nokning yana ikkita turi, Nashi noki (''[[Pyrus pyrifolia]]'') va gibrid xitoy oq yoki ya nok (''Pyrus × bretschneideri'') [[Sharqiy Osiyo|Sharqiy Osiyoda]] koʻproq oʻstiriladi.
 
== Subtaksa ==
Hozirgi vaqtda quyidagi kichik turlar qabul qilingan:
 
* ''Pyrus communis'' subsp. ''kavkaz'' {{Small|(Fed.) Browicz}} {{Small|(Fed.) Browicz}} — Turkiya, Kavkaz
* ''Pyrus communis'' subsp. ''communis'' - — Kavkazdan tashqari butun assortiment
 
== Kelib chiqishi ==
Oʻstiriladigan oddiy nok (''P. communis'' subsp. ''communis'') yovvoyi noklarning P. communis subsp. piraster va P. communis subsp. kavkaz deb tasniflangan ikkita kenja turidan kelib chiqqan deb hisoblanadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|first=Daniel|last=Zohary|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin|edition=Fourth|publisher=Oxford: University Press|year=2012|page=176}}</ref>. Nok yetishtirish haqidagi ishonchli ma'lumotlarmaʼlumotlar birinchi marta [[Qadimgi Yunoniston|yunon]] va [[Qadimgi Rim|rim]] yozuvchilarining asarlarida uchraydi"<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|first=Daniel|last=Zohary|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin|edition=Fourth|publisher=Oxford: University Press|year=2012|page=177}}</ref>. Teofrast, Katon Elder va Pliniy Elder nokni yetishtirish va payvandlash haqida ma'lumotlarnimaʼlumotlarni yozib qoldirgan.
 
== Kultivatsiya ==
Qator 106 ⟶ 105:
Oddiy nok daraxtlari [[olma]] kabi qattiq emas. Biroq, meva berish uchun ular qishki sovuqni talab qiladi. Bir qator [[Kapalaklar|kapalak]] [[Qurt|qurtlari]] nok daraxti barglari bilan oziqlanadi.
 
Oddiy nok pishmasdan oldin yig‘ib olinadi. Daraxtda pishgan mevalar ko'pinchakoʻpincha terilishidan oldin yerga tushadi va har qanday holatda ham shikastlanadi. Nok o'ziningoʻzining yetuk, ammo pishmagan holatida yaxshi saqlanadi (va jo'natiladijoʻnatiladi), agar sovuq joyda saqlansa va keyinroq pishishi mumkin, bu jarayon bletting deb ataladi. Ba'ziBaʼzi navlar, masalan, Beurre d'Anjoud’Anjou, faqat sovuq ta'sirtaʼsir qilganda pishib yetiladi.
 
Fermentlangan nok sharbati perry deb ataladi .Britaniyada "Perry"„Perry“ joy nomi nok daraxtlarining bu yerda qadim davrlardan beri mavjudligini ko'rsatishikoʻrsatishi mumkin.
 
Deyarli barcha Yevropa nok navlari G'arbiyGʻarbiy Yevropada, asosan Fransiyada paydo bo'lganboʻlgan. Osiyo navlari Yaponiya va Xitoyda paydo bo'lganboʻlgan. "Bartlett"„Bartlett“ (Williams) dunyodagi eng keng tarqalgan nok navi bo'libboʻlib, AQShda yetishtiriladigan nokning taxminan 75% ni tashkil qiladi. 
 
=== Asosiy navlari ===
 Qo'shmaQoʻshma Shtatlarda 2004-yilda nok yetishtirishning 95% to'rttoʻrt navdan olingan<ref>U. S.  Department of Agriculture. </ref>:
* 50% Uilyams Bon Crétien ([[Angliya]], ''taxminan'' 1770; yozgi nok odatda AQSh va Kanadada Bartlett deb ataladi)
* 34% Beurré d'Anjoud’Anjou ( [[Fransiya]], odatda faqat d'Anjoud’Anjou deb ataladigan qishki nok)
* 10% Beurré Bosc (Fransiyadan kelib chiqqan, Kayzer Aleksandr nomi bilan ham tanilgan, qishki nok odatda Bosc yoki Kayzer deb ataladi)
* 1% Doyenné du Comice (Fransiya, 1849; odatda Comice noklari deb ataladi)
 
[[Fayl:Eight_varieties_of_pears.jpg|left|thumb|600x600px| Sakkiz navli nok, chapdan oʻngga, Uilyamsning Bon Crétien (AQShda Bartlett nomi bilan sotiladi), ikkita Red Bartlett navi, d'Anjoud’Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Concorde va Seckel.]]
 
=== Tanlangan oddiy nok navlari ===
Belgilanganlar  Qirollik bog'dorchilikbogʻdorchilik jamiyatining Garden Merit mukofotiga sazovor bo'lganboʻlgan.
 
* " Abat Fetel " (sin. Abbe Fetel; Italiyadagi asosiy nav)
* 'Ayers' (AQSh - — Tennessi Universitetidan turlararo ''P. communis'' × ''P. pyrifolia'' gibrid)
* "Bambinella"„Bambinella“ (Malta)
* "Beth"„Beth“<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Beth'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1581|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509211712/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1581|arxivsana=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* [[:fr:Beurré Hardy|Berre Hardi]] / [[:de:Gellerts Butterbirne|Gellerts Butterbirne]]
* "Bleyk„Bleyk g'ururi"gʻururi“ (AQSh)
* "Blanquilla"„Blanquilla“ (yoki "pera„pera de agua"agua“ va "blanquilla„blanquilla de Aranjuez"Aranjuez“, Ispaniya)
* "Butirra„Butirra Precoce Morettini"Morettini“
* "Karmen"„Karmen“<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.sito.regione.campania.it/AGRICOLTURA/frutticoltura/liste_varietali_pero.pdf|sarlavha=Pero - in Italian|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010828/http://www.sito.regione.campania.it/AGRICOLTURA/frutticoltura/liste_varietali_pero.pdf|arxivsana=2011-07-22}}</ref>
* "Clara„Clara Frijs"Frijs“ (Daniyadagi asosiy nav)
* "Konkord"„Konkord“ (Angliya — - "Konferentsiya"„Konferentsiya“ × "Doyenné„Doyenné du Comice"Comice“ ko'chatikoʻchati)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Comice'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1582|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509204334/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1582|arxivsana=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* " Konferentsiya " (Angliya, 1894; Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng mashhur tijorat navi)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Conference'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1583|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509194411/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1583|arxivsana=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* "Corella"„Corella“ (Avstraliya)
* "Coscia"„Coscia“ (Italiyadan juda ertapishar nav)
* "Don„Don Guindo"Guindo“ (Ispaniya - — kuchli sariq, ta'mlitaʼmli)
* "Doyenné„Doyenné du Comice"Comice“ (Frantsiya)
* 'Dr. Jyul Guyot
* "Forelle"„Forelle“ (Germaniya)
* "Glou„Glou Morso"Morso“ (Belgiya, 1750)
* "Gorham"„Gorham“ (AQSh)
* "Gracioen"„Gracioen“ (Belgiya)
* "Harrow„Harrow Delight"Delight“ (Kanada)
* "Harrow„Harrow Sweet"Sweet“ (Kanada)
* "Josephine„Josephine de Malines"Malines“ (Belgiya - — 19-asrda pomolog va Malines meri Esperen tomonidan olingan; eng yaxshi kechki noklardan biri)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Joséphine de Malines'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5823|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509201421/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5823|arxivsana=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* "Kieffer"„Kieffer“ (AQSh - — xitoycha "qum„qum noki"noki“, ''P. pyrifolia'' va ehtimol "Bartlett"„Bartlett“ gibridi)
* "Laxton's„Laxtonʼs Superb"Superb“ (Angliya; yong'ingayongʻinga yuqori sezuvchanlik tufayli endi ishlatilmaydi)
* "Jersilik„Jersilik Luiz Bonne"Bonne“<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Louise Bonne of Jersey'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5995|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013}}</ref>
* "Luscious"„Luscious“ (AQSh)
* "Merton„Merton Pride"Pride“ (Angliya, 1941)
* "Oldinga"„Oldinga“ (Buyuk Britaniya)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Onward'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4517|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013}}</ref>
* "Sharq"„Sharq“ (AQSh - — turlararo ''P. communis'' × ''P. pyrifolia'' gibrid)
* "Pakxemning„Pakxemning g'alabasi"gʻalabasi“ ([[Avstraliya]], 1896)
* "Ananas"„Ananas“ (AQSh - — turlararo ''P. communis'' × ''P. pyrifolia'' gibrid)
* "Red„Red Bartlett"Bartlett“ (AQSh - — uchta asosiy qizil rangli mutant klonlari mavjud: "Maks„Maks Red Bartlett"Bartlett“, "Sensation„Sensation Red Bartlett"Bartlett“, "Rosired„Rosired Bartlett"Bartlett“)
* " Rocha " (Portugaliya)
* "Rosemarie"„Rosemarie“ (Janubiy Afrika)
* "Seckel"„Seckel“ (AQSh; XVII asr oxiri [[Filadelfiya]] hududi; hali ham ishlab chiqarilgan, tabiiy ravishda olovga chidamli)<ref>U. S.  Department of Agriculture. </ref>
* "Starkrimson"„Starkrimson“, shuningdek, Red Clapp'sClapp’s deb ham ataladi, bu Clapp'sClapp’s Favouritening 1939-yilda Michigandagi qizil terili kurtak mutatsiyasidir. Uning qalin, silliq terisi bir xil, yorqin va qizg'ishqizgʻish qizil, qaymoqli eti shirin va xushbo'yxushboʻy<ref>Dris, Ramdane, and S. Mohan Jain (editors.) (2004.</ref>.
* „Yoz goʻzalligi“
* "Yoz go'zalligi"
* „Sudduth“
* "Sudduth"
* "Teylor„Teylor oltini"oltini“ (Yangi Zelandiya — - "Comice"„Comice“ ning ruslashtirilgan mutant klon)
* [[:fr:Triomphe de Vienne|Vena g'alabasigʻalabasi]]
* " Uilyams Bonne Kretyen"Kretyen“<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pyrus communis'' 'Williams Bonne Chretienne'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1584|kirish sanasi=30 May 2013}}</ref>
 
== Galereya ==