Iqlim

Iqlim tushunchasi oʻz ichiga muayyan hududda uzoq vaqt davomida yigʻilgan harorat, namlik, atmosfera bosimi, shamol, yogʻin va boshqa meteorologik parametrlar statistikalarini oladi. Ushbu parametrlarning uzoq vaqt emas, balki muayyan vaqtdagi holatlariga ob-havo deyiladi. Boshqacha aytganda, iqlim — bu biror joydagi ob-havo holatlari toʻplamidir.

Butujahon iqlim tasniflari

Mintaqa iqlimi iqlim tizimi tomonidan shakllanadi, iqlim tizimi besh komponentdan iborat: atmosfera, gidrosfera, kriosfera, quruqlik va biosfera.

The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was originally developed by Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying animal species diversity and potential effects of climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.

Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.