Tarvuz

Tarvuz ( Citrullus lanatus ) - Qovoqdoshlar oilasiga mansub gulli o'simlik turi. Tok(uzum) o'simligiga o'xshash poyasi mavjud. Bu butun dunyo bo'ylab 1000 dan ortiq navlarga ega bo'lgan hammabop poliz mahsuloti.

Tarvuz butun dunyo bo'ylab - tropikdan mo'tadil mintaqalargacha bo'lgan qulay iqlim sharoitida o'zining katta yeyiladigan mevasi uchun o'stiriladi: bu qattiq qobig'i va ichki bo'linmalari bo'lmagan rezavor meva. Shirin, suvli, eti odatda to'q qizildan pushti ranggacha, ko'plab qora urug'lar bilan, ba'zida urug'siz navlari ham mavjud. Mevani xom yoki tuzlangan holda iste'mol qilish mumkin. Shuningdek, u sharbat yoki ichimliklar tarkibiga aralashtirib ham iste'mol qilinishi mumkin.

Sudandagi Kordofan qovunlari bilan bir turga mansub, bugungi kunda yetishtirilgan tarvuzlarning avlodlari bo'lishi mumkin^[1]. Yovvoyi tarvuz urug'lari Liviyadagi Uan Muxuggiagda topilgan bo'lib, u taxminan miloddan avvalgi 3500 yilga to'g'ri keladi^[2]. Tarvuzlar Shimoliy-Sharqiy Afrikada madaniylashtirildi va miloddan avvalgi 2000-yilga kelib Misrda yetishtirildi. Ular hozirgi shirin tarvuzlardan farq qilgan. Biz bugungi kunda iste'mol qiladigan tarvuzlar Rim davrida O'rta yer dengizi dunyosida tarqalgan^[3].

Katta hosil olish doirasidagi ishlar turli kasallikka chidamli navlarni yaratdi. Polizchilik hohasida ekilganidan keyin 100 kun ichida yetilgan meva beradigan ko'plab navlar mavjud. 2017-yilda Xitoy dunyodagi jami tarvuzning uchdan ikki qismini yetishtirgan.

Tarix tahrir

17-asrda Braziliyada faoliyat yuritgan golland rassom Albert Ekxoutningi tarvuz, ananas va boshqa mevalar bilan ishlagan natyurmorti.

Seikei Zusetsu yapon qishloq xo'jaligi ensiklopediyasidan olingan rasm (1804)

Tarvuzlar dastlab suv miqdori yuqori bo'lganligi uchun yetishtirilgan va quruq mavsumlarda nafaqat oziq-ovqat manbai, balki suv zaxirasi sifatida ham iste'mol qilinga. Tarvuz urug'lari O'lik dengiz hududida, qadimgi Bab-edh-Dhra va Tel Aradning aholi istiqomad qiladigan hududlarida topilgan^[4].

5000 yillik yovvoyi tarvuz urug'lari ( C.lanatus ) Liviyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan tarixiy arxeologik joy Uan Muhuggiagda topilgan. Ushbu arxeobotanik kashfiyot o'simlikning o'tmishda keng tarqalganligi tasdiqlashi mumkin^[5].

Turlari tahrir

Bir qator nav guruhlari aniqlangan: ^[6]

Foydalanish tahrir

Pazandachilik tahrir

Tarvuz yozda tez-tez iste'mol qilinadigan meva bo'lib, odatda bo'laklar shaklida, aralash mevali salatlarda yoki sharbat ko'rinishida iste'mol qilinadi^[7]^[8]. Tarvuz sharbatini boshqa meva sharbatlari bilan aralashtirish yoki sharob tayyorlash mumkin^[9].

Urug'lari yong'oq ta'miga ega. Quritilishi va qovurilishi yoki maydalanishi mumkin^[10]. Tarvuz p'stlog'ini iste'mol qilish mumkin, ammo ularning yoqimsiz ta'mini tuzlash orqali bartaraf etish mumkin^[11]. Ba'zi hududlarda sabzavot sifatida qovurib iste'mol qilinadi^[12].

Yetishtirish tahrir

2020 yilda global tarvuz ishlab chiqarish 101,6 million tonnani tashkil etdi. Xitoy (materik) tarvuzlari umumiy hosilning 60 foizini (60,1 million tonna) tashkil etdi. Ikkilamchi hosildorlar qatoriga Turkiya, Hindiston, Eron, Jazoir va Braziliya kirdi – ularning barchasi 2020-yilda yillik hosilning 2-3 million tonnasini yetishtirdi.


Tarvuz ishlab chiqarish, 2020-yil (millions of tonnes)
Xitoy	60.1
Turkiya	3.49
Hindiston	2.79
Eron	2.74
Jazoir	2.29
Braziliya	2.18
Jami (butub dunyo)	101.6
Manba: Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining FAOSTAT ^[13]

1961-yildan 2020-yilgacha Xitoyda tarvuz yetishtirish. Manba: Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining FAOSTAT .

Manbalar tahrir

↑ Renner, Susanne S.; Wu, Shan; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Silber, Martina V.; Fei, Zhangjun; Chomicki, Guillaume (2021-05-24) "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (23): e2101486118 ISSN 0027-8424 PMID 34031154.
↑ Wasylikowa, Krystyna; van der Veen, Marijke (2004) "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)" Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13 (4): 213–217 ISSN 0939-6314 archived from the original on 24 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585. Qaraldi: 14 December 2020. Tarvuz]]
↑ Paris, Harry S. (August 2015) "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus" Annals of Botany 116 (2): 133–148 PMID 26141130.
↑ Amar, Zohar. Arabian Drugs in Medieval Mediterranean Medicine. Edinburgh University Press, 5 December 2016. ISBN 9781474413183. 2019-yil 26-avgustda qaraldi.
↑ Strauss. „The 5,000-Year Secret History of the Watermelon“ (en). National Geographic News (2015-yil 21-avgust). 2020-yil 16-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 15-oktyabr.
↑ Porcher, Michel H. „Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database“. Sorting Citrullus names. 2011-yil 12-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 17-oktyabr.
↑ „Watermelon“. g Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University (2017). 2017-yil 30-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 9-may.
↑ „Top 10 ways to enjoy watermelon“. Produce for Better Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control, US National Institutes of Health (2017). 2017-yil 29-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 9-may.
↑ Ogodo, A. C.; Ugbogu, O. C.; Ugbogu, A. E.; Ezeonu, C. S. (2015) "Production of mixed fruit (pawpaw, banana and watermelon) wine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine" SpringerPlus 4: 683 PMID 26576326.
↑ „Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai“. South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. 2015-yil 24-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 4-oktyabr.
↑ Todd C. Wehner „Watermelon“,. Vegetables I, Handbook of Plant Breeding Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez: . Springer, 2008 — 381–418 bet. DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12. ISBN 978-0-387-72291-7.
↑ Bryant Terry. Vegan Soul Kitchen: Fresh, Healthy, and Creative African-American Cuisine. Da Capo Press, 2009 — 46 bet. ISBN 978-0-7867-4503-6.
↑ „Watermelon production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)“. FAOSTAT. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. 2016-yil 12-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-yanvar.

Qo'shimcha adabiyotlar tahrir

Dube, J., G. Ddamulira va M. Maphosa. "Afrikada tarvuz ishlab chiqarish: muammolar va imkoniyatlar". Sabzavot fanlari xalqaro jurnali 27.3 (2021): 211-219. onlayn (Wayback Machine saytida 2023-08-26 sanasida arxivlangan)

Maoto, Makaepea M., Daniso Besva va Afam IO Jideani. "Tarvuz potentsial mevali gazak sifatida." Oziq-ovqat xususiyatlarining xalqaro jurnali 22.1 (2019): 355-370. onlayn

Tabiri, Betti va boshqalar. "Tarvuz urug'lari oziq-ovqat sifatida: ozuqa tarkibi, fitokimyoviy moddalar va antioksidant faollik." (2016). onlayn^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

Tashqi manbalar tahrir

Watermelon.org AQSH Milliy tarvuzni targʻib qilish kengashidan

[renner21-1] Renner, Susanne S.; Wu, Shan; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Silber, Martina V.; Fei, Zhangjun; Chomicki, Guillaume (2021-05-24) "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (23): e2101486118 ISSN 0027-8424 PMID 34031154.

[VegHist-2] Wasylikowa, Krystyna; van der Veen, Marijke (2004) "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)" Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13 (4): 213–217 ISSN 0939-6314 archived from the original on 24 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585. Qaraldi: 14 December 2020. Tarvuz]]

[Paris-3] Paris, Harry S. (August 2015) "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus" Annals of Botany 116 (2): 133–148 PMID 26141130.

[4] Amar, Zohar. Arabian Drugs in Medieval Mediterranean Medicine. Edinburgh University Press, 5 December 2016. ISBN 9781474413183. 2019-yil 26-avgustda qaraldi.

[:0-5] Strauss. „The 5,000-Year Secret History of the Watermelon“ (en). National Geographic News (2015-yil 21-avgust). 2020-yil 16-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 15-oktyabr.

[MMPND-6] Porcher, Michel H. „Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database“. Sorting Citrullus names. 2011-yil 12-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 17-oktyabr.

[7] „Watermelon“. g Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University (2017). 2017-yil 30-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 9-may.

[8] „Top 10 ways to enjoy watermelon“. Produce for Better Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control, US National Institutes of Health (2017). 2017-yil 29-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 9-may.

[9] Ogodo, A. C.; Ugbogu, O. C.; Ugbogu, A. E.; Ezeonu, C. S. (2015) "Production of mixed fruit (pawpaw, banana and watermelon) wine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine" SpringerPlus 4: 683 PMID 26576326.

[SANBI-10] „Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai“. South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. 2015-yil 24-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 4-oktyabr.

[Wehner2008-11] Todd C. Wehner „Watermelon“,. Vegetables I, Handbook of Plant Breeding Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez: . Springer, 2008 — 381–418 bet. DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12. ISBN 978-0-387-72291-7.

[12] Bryant Terry. Vegan Soul Kitchen: Fresh, Healthy, and Creative African-American Cuisine. Da Capo Press, 2009 — 46 bet. ISBN 978-0-7867-4503-6.

[fao21-13] „Watermelon production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)“. FAOSTAT. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. 2016-yil 12-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-yanvar.

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