Organik dehqonchilik - ekologik dehqonchilik yoki biologik dehqonchilik sifatida ham tanilgan.[1][2][3][4][5] Kompost goʻngi, yashil goʻng va suyak oʻgʻitlari kabi organik oʻgʻitlardan foydalanadigan qishloq xoʻjaligi tizimidir. Almashlab ekish va yo'ldosh ekish kabi texnikalarga urg'u berish shular jumlasidandir. U 20-asrning boshlarida tez oʻzgarib borayotgan dehqonchilik amaliyotiga javoban paydo boʻlgan desak mubolag'a bo'lmaydi. Sertifikatlangan organik qishloq xo'jaligi butun dunyo bo'ylab 70 million hectoare (170 million acre) ni tashkil qiladi va ularning yarmidan ko'pi Avstraliyada .[6] Organik dehqonchilik bugungi kunda turli tashkilotlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilmoqda. Bu usulda zararkunandalarga qarshi biologik kurash, aralash ekin ekish va hasharotlar yirtqichlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash rag'batlantiriladi. Organik standartlar sintetik moddalarni taqiqlash yoki qat'iy cheklash bilan birga tabiiy moddalardan foydalanishga ruxsat berish uchun mo'ljallangan.[7] Masalan, piretrin kabi tabiiy pestitsidlarga ruxsat beriladi, sintetik o'g'itlar va pestitsidlar esa odatda taqiqlanadi. Ruxsat etilgan sintetik moddalarga, masalan, mis sulfat, elementar oltingugurt va Ivermektin kiradi. Chorvachilikda genetik jihatdan o'zgartirilgan organizmlar, nanomateriallar, inson kanalizatsiya loylari, o'simliklarning o'sish regulyatorlari, gormonlar va antibiotiklardan foydalanish taqiqlanadi.[8][9] Organik dehqonchilik tarafdorlari barqarorlik, [10] ochiqlik, oʻzini-oʻzi taʼminlash, avtonomiya va mustaqillik,[10] sogʻliqni saqlash, oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi va oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi kabi afzalliklarni daʼvo qiladilar.

Ekologik dehqonchilikdan olingan sabzavotlar

Organik qishloq xo'jaligi usullari xalqaro miqyosda tartibga solinadi va ko'plab davlatlar tomonidan qonuniy ravishda qo'llaniladi. Bu asosan 1972-yilda tashkil etilgan organik qishloq xo'jaligi tashkilotlari uchun xalqaro soyabon tashkiloti bo'lgan. Asosan Xalqaro Organik qishloq xo'jaligi harakati federatsiyasi (IFOAM) tomonidan belgilangan standartlarga asoslanadi[11] Organik qishloq xo'jaligini "Barqarorlikka, tuproq unumdorligi va biologik xilma-xilligini oshirishga intiladigan, kamdan-kam istisnolardan tashqari, sintetik pestitsidlar, antibiotiklar, sintetik o'g'itlar, genetik jihatdan o'zgartirilgan organizmlar va o'sish gormonlarini taqiqlovchi integratsiyalashgan dehqonchilik tizimi" sifatida ta'riflanishi mumkin. [12][13][14]

1990-yildan buyon organik oziq-ovqat va boshqa mahsulotlar bozori tez o'sib kelmoqda va 2012-yilda butun dunyo bo'ylab 63 milliard dollarga yetdi[15] :25Ushbu talab 2001 yildan 2011 yilgacha yillik 8,9% ga o'sgan organik boshqariladigan qishloq xo'jaligi yerlarining xuddi shunday o'sishiga olib keldi.[16] 2020-yil holatiga ko'ra, butun dunyo bo'ylab taxminan 75,000,000 hectoare (8.1×1012 kv. ft) ekin ekilgan va bu butun dunyo qishloq xo'jaligi yerlarining taxminan 1,6% ni tashkil qiladi.[17]

Organik dehqonchilik mahalliy darajada biologik xilma-xillik va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishda foydali bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo organik dehqonchilik an'anaviy dehqonchilikka nisbatan pastroq hosildorlikka ega bo'lganligi sababli, dunyoning boshqa joylarida qo'shimcha qishloq xo'jaligi yerlariga ehtiyoj kuzatilinadi, ya'ni tabiiy yerlarni qishloq xo'jaligi yerlariga aylantirish kerak. Bu biologik xilma-xillikning yo'qolishiga va erishilgan mahalliy ekologik yutuqlardan ustun bo'lgan salbiy iqlim ta'siriga olib kelishi mumkin.[18]

Yana qarang tahrir

 

  1. Labelling, article 30 of Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007.
  2. History of Organic Farming. biocyclopedia.com (Aug 2022 accessed)
    "Various types and methods of organic agriculture have been developed in the Northern Hemisphere, such as the biological-organic and biodynamic method"
  3. Biological Farming/Ecological Farming: USDA National Agricultural Library (version Aug 2007)
    "the term biological often refers to organic farming, whereas the term ecological refers to organic plus environmental considerations such as on-farm wildlife management"
  4. Organic farming. Lexicon Wein‑Plus (Aug 2022 accessed)
    "A form of production (also organic farming, ecological farming, ecological-biological farming, ecological agriculture, alternative agriculture) for the production of food and other agricultural products."
  5. Clean & Organic Agricultural Products. RIRDC, Oct 2000.]
    "Biological farming and ‘bio’ products are terms often used in European countries as equivalent to organic farming. [...] Ecological farming and ‘eco’ products are terms also used in European countries as equivalent to organic farming."
  6. Paull, John (2019). "Organic Agriculture in Australia: Attaining the Global Majority (51%)". Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development. https://www.academia.edu/39718306. 
  7. „USDA Blog » Organic 101: Allowed and Prohibited Substances“. blogs.usda.gov. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 6-aprel.
  8. Paull, John (2011) "Nanomaterials in food and agriculture: The big issue of small matter for organic food and farming", Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of ISOFAR (International Society of Organic Agriculture Research), 28 September – 1 October, Namyangju, Korea., 2:96-99
  9. „USDA List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances in Organic Agriculture“. USDA List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances in Organic Agriculture. USDA (2016-yil 4-aprel). 2015-yil 28-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 6-aprel.
  10. 10,0 10,1 Coleman, Eliot (1995), The New Organic Grower: A Master's Manual of Tools and Techniques for the Home and Market Gardener (2nd-nashr), 65, 108-bet, ISBN 978-0930031756.
  11. Paull, John "From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)", Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2010, 1(2):93-102.
  12. H. Martin, '’Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Introduction to Organic Farming, Andoza:ISSN
  13. Dale Rhoads, Purdue Extension Service, What is organic farming? (Wayback Machine saytida 2016-06-10 sanasida arxivlangan)
  14. Gold. „What is organic production?“. National Agricultural Library. USDA. 2007-yil 7-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 1-mart.
  15. Helga Willer, Julia Lernoud and Robert Home The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics & Emerging Trends 2013, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM, 2013).
  16. Paull, John (2011) "The Uptake of Organic Agriculture: A Decade of Worldwide Development", Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 2 (3), pp. 111-120.
  17. „The World of Organic Agriculture - Statistics & Emerging Trends 2022“. FiBL and IFOAM. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-fevral.
  18. „Scientists urge EU to allow the use of novel breeding techniques and modern biotechnology in organic farming“. Wageningen Plant Research (2021-yil 23-aprel).