Ittifoq va taraqqiyot qoʻmitasi
Ittifoq va taraqqiyot qoʻmitasi (ITQ) (usmonli turkcha: اتحاد و ترقى جمعيتی), keyinchalik Ittifoq va taraqqiyot partiyasi (usmonli turkcha: اتحاد و ترقى فرقهسی) 1889—1926-yillarda Usmonlilar imperiyasi va Turkiya Respublikasida faoliyat yuritgan yashirin inqilobiy tashkilot va siyosiy partiya. Yosh turklar harakati ichidagi yetakchi fraksiya sifatida mutlaq monarxiyani tugatgan hamda Ikkinchi Konstitutsiyaviy davrni boshlab bergan 1908-yilgi Yosh turklar inqilobini yuzaga keltirgan. 1913-yildan 1918-yilgacha ITQ imperiyani avtoritar[26][27] bir partiyali davlat sifatida boshqargan. Mazkur hukumat Usmonlilar davrining soʻnggi davridagi etnik yoʻq qilish siyosatining bir qismi boʻlgan arman, yunon va ossuriya xalqlariga qarshi genotsidlar sodir etgan[28]. ITQ koʻproq Yosh turklar harakati bilan bogʻlangan va partiya aʼzolari koʻpincha „Yosh turklar“ deb atalgan. Biroq mazkur harakat doirasida boshqa siyosiy partiyalar ham shakllangan. Usmonli imperiyasida partiya aʼzolari İttihadcılar („Ittifoqchilar“) yoki Komiteciler („Qoʻmitachilar“) nomlari bilan tanilgan[29].
Ittifoq va taraqqiyot partiyasi اتحاد و ترقى فرقهسی İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası | |
---|---|
Qisqartma |
İ-T or İTC or İTF (Turkchada) ITQ yoki ITP (oʻzbekchada) |
Yetakchi |
Talʼat posho (1908–1918) Ahmet Rıza (1897–1908) |
Bosh kotib | Mithat Şükrü Bleda (1911–1917)[1][2][3] |
Asoschilari |
Ibrahim Temo[4] Mehmed Reshid Abdullah Cevdet İshak Sükuti Kerim Sebatî |
Tashkil etilgan |
6-fevral, 1889-yil (tashkilot sifatida)[5] |
Tugatilgan sana | 1-noyabr, 1918-yil |
Voris partiya |
Respublika Xalq partiyasi[6][7][8] Usmoniy liberal xalq partiyasi[9][10] Yangilanish partiyasi[11] |
Shtab kvartiralari |
Pembe Konak, Nuruosmaniye, Istanbul, Usmoniylar imperiyasi |
Gazetasi | Meşveret, Tanin[12] and others[13] |
Harbiylashgan qanot | Maxsus tashkilot[14] |
Aʼzolik (1909) | 850,000 |
Ideologiyasi | |
Siyosiy pozitsiyasi | Sinkretik |
Shiori | „Ozodlik, Tenglik, Adolat“[25] |
Deputatlar palatasi (1914) |
192 / 275 |
Manbalar
tahrir- ↑ Erik Jan Zürcher. The Unionist Factor: The Rôle of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926. E.J. Brill, 1984. ISBN 90-04-07262-4.
- ↑ Erik Jan Zürcher. Turkey: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris, 2017. ISBN 978-1-78453-187-4.
- ↑ „Syllabus“. www.sabanciuniv.edu. 2020-yil 10-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 23-dekabr.
- ↑ Hanioğlu 2001, ss. 73, 152.
- ↑ 22-sentyabr, 1909-yil
(siyosiy partiya sifatida) - ↑ Yenen, Alp (2018). "Elusive forces in illusive eyes: British officialdom's perception of the Anatolian resistance movement". Middle Eastern Studies 54 (5): 788–810. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1462161.
- ↑ Zürcher, Erik J. (1992). "The Ottoman Legacy of the Turkish Republic: An Attempt at a New Periodization". Die Welt des Islams 32 (2): 237–253. doi:10.2307/1570835. ISSN 0043-2539. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570835.
- ↑ Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2008). "Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk 'Social Engineering'" (en). European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (7). doi:10.4000/ejts.2583. ISSN 1773-0546. https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/2583#ftn1.
- ↑ (turkcha)
- ↑ „(turkcha)“. 2020-yil 18-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 19-iyul.
- ↑ Islam encyclopaedia (turkcha)
- ↑ Gawrych, George. The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913, 27 October 2006 — 185-bet. ISBN 9781845112875.
- ↑ Şûrâ-yı Ümmet, Rumeli, İstikbal
- ↑ Akçam, Taner (2019). "When Was the Decision to Annihilate the Armenians Taken?". Journal of Genocide Research 21 (4): 457–480. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1630893.
- ↑ Kévorkian 2011, s. 810.
- ↑ Bloxham 2005, ss. 64, 228.
- ↑ Aras & Okay 1996, s. 474.
- ↑ Bozkurt, Serhat (2014). "The Kurds and Settlement Policies from the Late Ottoman Empire to Early Republican Turkey: Continuities and Discontinuities (1916–34)". Iranian Studies 47 (5): 823–837. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.934152.
- ↑ „"Turkey in the First World War"“. 2018-yil 24-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 22-aprel.
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Hanioğlu 2008, s. 186.
- ↑ Akçam 2007, s. 53.
- ↑ Hanioğlu 2008, s. 187.
- ↑ Worringer 2014, ss. 41, 53, 69, 81–82, 188, 224–27, 260–61.
- ↑ Akmeșe 2005, s. 34.
- ↑ Hürriyet, Müsavat, Adalet
- ↑ Zurcher, Eric Jan (1997)
- ↑ The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement 1905-1926.
- ↑ „Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945“, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2013 — 220–241-bet. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304.
- ↑ Kieser 2018, s. 61.