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Oiladagi zoʻravonlik

(Oiladagi zo'ravonlikdan yoʻnaltirildi)

 

Oiladagi zo'ravonlik (shuningdek, oila zo'ravonligi yoki oilaviy zo'ravonlik deb ham ataladi) oila sharoitida, masalan, nikoh yoki birgalikda yashashda sodir etiladigan zo'ravonlik yoki boshqa zo'ravonlik turidir. Oiladagi zo'ravonlik ko'pincha yaqin insoni yoki sherik zo'ravonligining sinonimi sifatida ishlatiladi, u boshqa shaxsga nisbatan yaqin munosabatlardagi odamlardan biri tomonidan qo'llaniladi va munosabatlarda yoki sobiq turmush o'rtoqlar yoki sheriklar o'rtasida sodir bo'lishi kuzatiladi. Keng ma'noda oiladagi zo'ravonlik bolalar, ota-onalar yoki qariyalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlikni ham o'z ichiga oladi. U bir nechta shakllarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin:jismoniy, og'zaki, hissiy, iqtisodiy, diniy, reproduktiv yoki jinsiy zo'ravonlik kabi. Bu eng oddiy zo'rlash shakllaridan tortib, nikoh davrida zo'rlash va boshqa zo'ravonlik shakllaridan tortib jismoniy zo'ravonlikgacha bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, bo'g'ish, kaltaklash, ayollarning jinsiy a'zolarini kesish va kislota tashlash kabi zararlashi yoki o'limga sabab bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan va insonni nazorat qilish uchun buyumdan foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi, misol tayoq.[1][2] Maishiy qotillik toshbo'ron qilish, kelinni yoqish, nomus uchun o'ldirish va ba'zan birga yashamaydigan oila a'zolarining zo'ravonligini o'z ichiga oladi. 2015-yilda Buyuk Britaniya Ichki ishlar vazirligi oiladagi zo'ravonlik ta'rifini nazoratni o'z ichiga olgan holda majburiy tarzda kengaytirgan.[3]

Butun dunyoda oiladagi zo'ravonlik qurbonlari ko'pchiligini afsuski ayollar tashkil qiladi va ayollar zo'ravonlikning yanada og'ir shakllarini boshdan kechirishadi.[4][5] Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti (JSST) hisob-kitoblariga binoan, har 3 ayoldan 1 nafari hayotining bir bosqichida oiladagi zo'ravonlikka duchor bo'lgan.[6] Ular, shuningdek, erkaklarnikiga qaraganda, o'zini himoya qilishda yaqin sherik zo'ravonligidan foydalanishlari mumkin.[7] Ba'zi mamlakatlarda oiladagi zo'ravonlik asosli yoki qonuniy deb qaralishi mumkin, ayniqsa ayol tomonidan haqiqiy yoki gumon qilingan xiyonat holatlarida. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, mamlakatdagi gender tengligi darajasi va oiladagi zo'ravonlik darajasi o'rtasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va sezilarli bog'liqlik mavjud bo'lib, shundan ko'rinadiki, gender tengligi kamroq bo'lgan mamlakatlarda oiladagi zo'ravonlik ko'proq sodir bo'ladi.[8] Oiladagi zo'ravonlik butun dunyo bo'ylab erkaklar va ayollar uchun eng kam qayd etilgan jinoyatlardan biridir.[9][10] Bundan tashqari, erkaklar qurbonligi bilan bog'liq ijtimoiy stigma fikrlar tufayli , oiladagi zo'ravonlik qurboni bo'lgan erkaklar tibbiyot xodimlari tomonidan e'tibordan chetda qolish ehtimoli tabiiyki oshadi.[11][12][13][14]

Oiladagi zo'ravonlik ko'pincha zo'ravon ular bunga haqli deb hisoblaganda yoki bu maqbul, asosli yoki xabar qilinishi imkonsiz deb hisoblaganda sodir etiladi. Bu bolalar va boshqa oila a'zolarida avlodlararo zo'ravonlik zanjirini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin, ular bunday zo'ravonlikni maqbul yoki ma'qul degan ega bo'lib qolishlari mumkin. Ko'p odamlar o'zlarini zo'ravon yoki qurbon deb bilishmaydi, chunki ular o'zlarining tajribalarini nazoratdan chiqib ketgan oilaviy nizolar deb hisoblashlari mumkin.[15] Oiladagi zo'ravonlikdan xabardorlik, idrok etish, ta'riflash va hujjatlashtirish turli mamlakatlarda juda farq qiladi. Bundan tashqari, oiladagi zo'ravonlik ko'pincha majburiy yoki yosh nikohlar orasida sodir bo'ladi.[16]

Ba'zi munosabatlarda zo'ravonlik bir davr bo'lishi mumkin, bunda keskinliklar kuchayadi va zo'ravonlik harakati sodir bo'ladi, keyin yarashuv va xotirjamlik davri keladi. Jabrlanuvchilar izolyatsiya, kuch va nazorat, zo'ravon bilan travmatik bog'lanish, moliyaviy resurslarning yetishmasligi, qo'rquv va uyat[17] yoki bolalarni himoya qilish sababli uydagi zo'ravonlik holatlarida tuzoqqa tushishi mumkin. Zarar yetkazish natijasida jabrlanuvchilar jismoniy nogironlik, tartibsiz tajovuz, surunkali sog'liq muammolari, ruhiy kasalliklar, cheklangan moliyaviy va sog'lom munosabatlar o'rnatish qobiliyatini boshdan kechirishi mumkin. Jabrlanuvchilar Travma va travmadan so'ng stress buzilishi (TSSB) kabi jiddiy psixologik kasalliklarga duch kelishi mumkin. Zo'ravonlik bilan oilada yashovchi bolalar ko'pincha erta yoshdanoq psixologik muammolarni ko'rsatadilar, masalan, qochish, tahdidlarga o'ta hushyorlik va tartibga solinmagan tajovuzkorlik, bu esa jiddiy travmatizmga olib kelishi mumkin.[18]

Kelib chiqishi va ta'riflar tahrir

“Oiladagi zo‘ravonlik” atamasining zamonaviy dunyoda birinchi marta qo‘llanilishi, ya’ni uydagi zo‘ravonlik ma’nosiga ega.1973-yilda Jek Eshli Buyuk Britaniya parlamentiga qilgan murojaatida bo‘lgan. Ilgari bu atama asosan fuqarolik tartibsizliklari, ichki zo‘ravonliklarni nazarda tutgan.

An'anaga ko'ra, oiladagi zo'ravonlik asosan jismoniy zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq. Xotinni ho'rlash, xotinni kaltaklash va kaltaklangan ayol kabi atamalar ishlatilgan, ammo turmushga chiqmagan sheriklar, jismoniy zo'ravonlikdan tashqari zo'ravonlik, ayol jinoyatchilar va bir jinsli munosabatlarga kirishga urinishlar tufayli mashhurligi pasaygan. Oiladagi zo‘ravonlik endi keng ma’noda oila a’zosi yoki yaqin sherigi tomonidan sodir etilishi mumkin bo‘lgan “barcha jismoniy, jinsiy, psixologik yoki iqtisodiy zo‘ravonlik”ni o‘z ichiga oladi.

Jinsiy zo'ravonlik atamasi ko'pincha maishiy zo'ravonlik[19] yoki oiladagi zo'ravonlik[20] bilan sinonim sifatida ishlatiladi, lekin u ayniqsa er-xotin munosabatlarida (masalan, nikoh, birga yashash yoki birga yashamaydigan yaqin sheriklar) sodir bo'lgan zo'ravonlikka ishora qilinadi. Ularga Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti (JSST) xatti-harakatlarni nazorat qilishni suiiste'mol qilish shakli sifatida qaraydi. Qarama-qarshi va bir jinsli munosabatlarda intim sheriklar tomonidan zo'ravonlik avvaldan kuzatilgan va avvalgi holatda ham erkaklar ayollarga, ham ayollar erkaklarga nisbatan. Oiladagi zo'ravonlik kengroq atama bo'lib, ko'pincha bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik, qariyalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va oila a'zolari o'rtasidagi boshqa zo'ravonlik harakatlarini o'z ichiga oladi. 1993-yilda BMTning ayollarga nisbatan zo‘ravonlikka barham berish to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyasida oiladagi zo‘ravonlik quyidagicha ta’riflangan:

  1. ↑ Woodlock, Delanie (2017). "The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking" (en). Violence Against Women 23 (5): 584–602. doi:10.1177/1077801216646277. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 27178564. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077801216646277. 
  2. ↑ „WESNET Second National Survey on Technology abuse and domestic violence in Australia“. 2021-yil 26-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 4-mart.
  3. ↑ „Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship Statutory Guidance Framework“. 2018-yil 24-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 17-iyun.
  4. ↑ McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (2011), „Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence“, in McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (muh.), International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law, Oxford New York: Taylor & Francis, 13-bet, ISBN 9781136742088, 2016-05-15da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, „This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'“
  5. ↑ García-Moreno, Claudia; Stöckl, Heidi (2013), „Protection of sexual and reproductive health rights: addressing violence against women“, in Grodin (muh.), Health and human rights in a changing world, Routledge, 780–781-bet, ISBN 9781136688638, 2016-05-06da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, „Intimate male partners are most often the main perpetrators of violence against women, a form of violence known as intimate partner violence, 'domestic' violence or 'spousal (or wife) abuse.' Intimate partner violence and sexual violence, whether by partners, acquaintances or strangers, are common worldwide and disproportionately affect women, although are not exclusive to them.“
  6. ↑ „Violence against women“ (en). www.who.int. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 25-iyul.
  7. ↑ Swan, Suzanne C.; Gambone, Laura J.; Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Sullivan, Tami P.; Snow, David L. (2008). "A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners". Violence and Victims 23 (3): 301–314. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.301. PMID 18624096. PMC 2968709. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2968709. 
  8. ↑ Esquivel-Santoveña, Esteban Eugenio; Lambert, Teri L.; Hamel, John (January 2013). "Partner abuse worldwide". Partner Abuse 4 (1): 6–75. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.6. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20160205034215/http://www.domesticviolenceresearch.org/pdf/PASK.Tables14.Revised.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Strong, Bryan. The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning, February 16, 2010 — 447 bet. ISBN 978-1133597469. 
  10. ↑ Concannon, Diana. Kidnapping: An Investigator's Guide. Newnes, July 11, 2013 — 30 bet. ISBN 978-0123740311. 
  11. ↑ Riviello, Ralph. Manual of Forensic Emergency Medicine. Jones & Bartlett Learning, July 1, 2009 — 129 bet. ISBN 978-0763744625. 
  12. ↑ Finley, Laura. Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence and Abuse. ABC-CLIO, July 16, 2013 — 163 bet. ISBN 978-1610690010. 
  13. ↑ Hess, Kären. Criminal Investigation. Cengage Learning, January 1, 2016 — 323 bet. ISBN 978-1435469938. 
  14. ↑ Lupri, Eugene; Grandin, Elaine (2004), „Consequences of male abuse – direct and indirect“, in Lupri (muh.), Intimate partner abuse against men (PDF), Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, 6-bet, ISBN 9780662379751, January 4, 2009da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi, qaraldi: June 21, 2014
  15. ↑ Halket, Megan Mcpherson; Gormley, Katelyn; Mello, Nicole; Rosenthal, Lori; Mirkin, Marsha Pravder (2013). "Stay with or Leave the Abuser? The Effects of Domestic Violence Victim's Decision on Attributions Made by Young Adults". Journal of Family Violence 29: 35–49. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9555-4. 
  16. ↑ {{cite magazine}}: Empty citation (yordam)
  17. ↑ Dutton, Donald; Painter, S.L. (January 1, 1981). "Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse". Victimology. 6: 139–155.. 
  18. ↑ Schechter, Daniel S.; Zygmunt, Annette; Coates, Susan W.; Davies, Mark; Trabka, Kimberly A.; McCaw, Jamie; Kolodji, Ann; Robinson, Joann L. (2007). "Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery". Attachment & Human Development. 9 (3): 187–205. doi:10.1080/14616730701453762. PMC 2078523. PMID 18007959.. 
  19. ↑ [https%3A//www.ncdv.org.uk „Domestic Abuse & Violence Support in UK“].
  20. ↑ Wallace, Harvey (2005), "Characteristics of family violence", in Wallace, Harvey (ed.), Family violence: legal, medical, and social perspectives, Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson, p. 2, ISBN 9780205418220.  
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