Vaccinium myrtillus

Vaccinium myrtillus
Ilmiy tasniflash
	Oʻsimliklar
	Yuksak oʻsimliklar
	Gulli oʻsimliklar
	Ikki urugʻpallalilar
	Asterids
	Ericales
	Ericaceae
	Vaccinium
	Vaccinium subg. Vaccinium
	Vaccinium sect. Myrtillus
	V. myrtillus
Binar nomi
	Vaccinium myrtillus; ; L. 1753
Sinonimlar
	Myrtillus niger Gilib.; Myrtillus sylvaticus Drejer; Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb.; Vitis-idaea myrtillus (L.) Moench;

Vaccinium myrtillus yoki yevropa koʻk mevasi - bu koʻk rangdagi isteʼmol qilish mumkin boʻlgan mevalarni beruvchibutalarning golarktik^[1]. Vacciniumning boshqa qarindoshlaridan farqlash uchun uni oddiy qaragʻay yoki koʻk boʻtqa deyiladi.

Tavsif

Vaccinium myrtillus boʻyi 4-18 sm ga yetadigan kichik bargli buta. Kuzda qizil rangga aylangan och yashil barglari bor^[2]. Barglarining uzunligi 1-3 sm tuxumsimon, lansetsimon yoki keng elliptik shaklga ega^[2].

Umumiy nomlar

Umumiy nomlariga blaeberry (Shotlandiya), urts or hurts (Kornwall va Devon)^[3], hurtleberry, myrtleberry^[4], wimberry, whinberry, winberry^[5] va fraughan kiradi^[6].

Tarqalishi va yashash joyi

Vaccinium myrtillus golarktik tur boʻlib, Shimoliy Yevropa qitʼasi, Britaniya orollari, Shimoliy Osiyo, Yaponiya, Grenlandiya, Islandiya, Gʻarbiy Kanada va Gʻarbiy Qoʻshma Shtatlarda oʻsadi. U shilimshiq kislotali tuproqlarida, botqoqliklarda, buzilgan oʻtloqlarda, ochiq oʻrmonlar va bogʻlarda, yon bagʻirlari va morenalarida uchraydi^[7]^[8]. Qaragʻay va tegishli V. uliginosum iqlim oʻzgarishidan taʼsirlanmagan^[9].

Foydalanish

Gullari barg qoʻltigʻida yakka-yakka joylashadi2–3 millimetr (⁵⁄₆₄–¹⁄₈ in) uzun pedikellar. Korolla pushti rangga ega va urnaga o'xshaydi. Barglari nozik tishli va pastki yuzasida sezilarli tomirlangan.

Mevalarni isteʼmol qilish paytida qoʻllar, tishlar va tillar koʻk yoki binafsha rangga boʻyaladi. Shuning uchun u Britaniyada anʼanaviy ravishda oziq-ovqat va kiyim-kechak uchun boʻyoq sifatida ishlatilgan^[10].

Merthyr Tydfil tepasida, Mynydd Aberdarda

Meva

Vaccinium myrtillus asrlar davomida anʼanaviy tibbiyotda, ayniqsa anʼanaviy Avstriya tibbiyotida turli kasalliklarni davolashda choy yoki likyor sifatida ishlatilgan^[11]. Bilberry qoʻshimchalari Qoʻshma Shtatlarda sotiladi, ammo bu mahsulotlarning sogʻliq yoki kasalliklarga taʼsiri haqida dalillar juda kam^[1]. Mevasi odatda pirog, tort va flan, kek, murabbo, kekslar, pechene, siroplar, sharbatlar va shakarlamalar uchun ishlatiladi^[1].

Barglar

Anʼanaviy tibbiyotda barglari asosan teri kasalliklarini davolash uchun ishlatilgan^[1]. Barglarni isteʼmol qilish xavfli boʻlishi mumkin^[1].

Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus

Oʻrim-yigʻim

Shimoliy Yevropadagi mevaga talab katta boʻlsa-da mevalar sunʼiy yetishtirilmaydi, barcha mevalar yovvoyi tabiatda yigʻib olinadi. Baʼzi mualliflarning taʼkidlashicha, agar umumiy qishloq xoʻjaligi usullaridan foydalangan holda etishtirilsa, hosilni yaxshilash uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud^[12].

Qarag'ay mevalarida qo'llarni bo'yaydigan to'q qizil sharbati bor

Kimyo

V. uliginosum va V. myrtillus ham lignin ishlab chiqaradi, chunki ular himoya kimyoviy moddalar sifatida ishlatiladi^[13]. Garchi koʻpgina oʻsimliklar iqlim oʻzgarishining stressini yengish uchun lignin ishlab chiqarishni oʻzgartirsalar ham, Vacciniumning ikkala turining lignin darajasiga taʼsir qilmagan koʻrinadi^[14]. V. myrtillus triterpenlarning yuqori konsentratsiyasini oʻz ichiga oladi^[15].

Yana qarang

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 „Bilberry“. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health (1-avgust 2020-yil). Qaraldi: 4-oktabr 2022-yil.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 „Vaccinium myrtillus“. www.fs.usda.gov. Qaraldi: 13-sentabr 2022-yil.
↑ Phillipps, K. C.. A Glossary of the Cornish Dialect. Padstow: Tabb House, 1993 — 57-bet. ISBN 0-907018-91-2.
↑ „Bilberry, Blaeberry, Whortleberry, Whinberry, Windberry, Myrtle Berry, Vaccinium myrtillus“ (inglizcha). Wild Food UK. Qaraldi: 31-iyul 2020-yil.
↑ Henley, Jon. Bilberries: the true taste of northern England, The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2008
↑ „Fraughan is an anglicisation of the Irish word Fraochán (or heather fruit, as the plant is often found growing with heather)“. téarma.ie.
↑ „Vaccinium myrtillus Linnaeus“. Flora of North America. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.
↑ „Vaccinium myrtillus L.“. USDA Plants Database. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.
↑ Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.
↑ „Make Traditional Dyes – Bilberry Dye“. Barley Hall. York Archaeological Trust, Arts Council England and VisitEngland. 2012-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
↑ „Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs“. J Ethnopharmacol. 149-jild, № 3. 25-mart 2013-yil. 750–71-bet. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ Nestby, Rolf; Percival, D.; Martinussen, Inger S.; Opstad, Nina; Rohloff, Jens (8-avgust 2017-yil). „The European Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the Potential for Cultivation. A Review“. Qaraldi: 2020-05-08. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.
↑ Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.
↑ Szakiel, Anna; Pączkowski, Cezary; Pensec, Flora; Bertsch, Christophe (2012). „Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids“. Phytochemistry Reviews. 11-jild, № 2–3. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 263–284-bet. doi:10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9. ISSN 1568-7767.

[nihgov-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 „Bilberry“. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health (1-avgust 2020-yil). Qaraldi: 4-oktabr 2022-yil.

[:0-2] 2,0 ^2,1 „Vaccinium myrtillus“. www.fs.usda.gov. Qaraldi: 13-sentabr 2022-yil.

[3] Phillipps, K. C.. A Glossary of the Cornish Dialect. Padstow: Tabb House, 1993 — 57-bet. ISBN 0-907018-91-2.

[4] „Bilberry, Blaeberry, Whortleberry, Whinberry, Windberry, Myrtle Berry, Vaccinium myrtillus“ (inglizcha). Wild Food UK. Qaraldi: 31-iyul 2020-yil.

[henley-5] Henley, Jon. Bilberries: the true taste of northern England, The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2008

[6] „Fraughan is an anglicisation of the Irish word Fraochán (or heather fruit, as the plant is often found growing with heather)“. téarma.ie.

[7] „Vaccinium myrtillus Linnaeus“. Flora of North America. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.

[8] „Vaccinium myrtillus L.“. USDA Plants Database. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.

[9] Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.

[10] „Make Traditional Dyes – Bilberry Dye“. Barley Hall. York Archaeological Trust, Arts Council England and VisitEngland. 2012-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

[11] „Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs“. J Ethnopharmacol. 149-jild, № 3. 25-mart 2013-yil. 750–71-bet. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[Nestby-12] Nestby, Rolf; Percival, D.; Martinussen, Inger S.; Opstad, Nina; Rohloff, Jens (8-avgust 2017-yil). „The European Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the Potential for Cultivation. A Review“. Qaraldi: 2020-05-08. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)CS1 maint: date format ()

[13] Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.

[14] Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.

[waxes-15] Szakiel, Anna; Pączkowski, Cezary; Pensec, Flora; Bertsch, Christophe (2012). „Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids“. Phytochemistry Reviews. 11-jild, № 2–3. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 263–284-bet. doi:10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9. ISSN 1568-7767.

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