Yorug'likning sochilishi

Yorug'likning sochilishi - bu fizikada harakatlanuvchi zarralar yoki yorug'lik yoki tovush kabi u yoki bu shakldagi nurlanish, ular o'tadigan muhitda lokalizatsiya qilingan formalar (shu jumladan zarralar va nurlanish) tufayli to'g'ri traektoriyadan chetga chiqishga majbur bo'lgan fizik jarayonlarning keng doirasini tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladigan atama. An'anaviy foydalanishda bunga aks ettirish qonunida aytilganidek aks ettirilgan nurlanishning burchakdan og'ishi ham kiradi. Yorug'likning sochilishi aks etishi ko'pincha diffuz aks ettirish deb ataladi va tarqalmagan aks ettirishlar oynali (oynaga o'xshash) aks ettirish deb ataladi. Bu atama dastlab yorug'likning tarqalishi bilan cheklangan (bu haqida Isaak Nyuton 17-asrda aytib ketgan edi^[1]). "Nurlar" ga o'xshash ko'proq hodisalar kashf etilganligi sababli, tarqalish g'oyasi ularga ham taalluqli edi, Shuning uchun Uvilyam Gershel 1800 yilda "issiqlik nurlari" (o'sha paytda tabiatda elektromagnit deb tan olinmagan) tarqalishiga ishora qilishi mumkin edi.^[2] Yorug'lik tarqalishini o'rganishda kashfiyotchi bo'lgan Jon Tindall 1870-yillarda yorug'lik tarqalishi va akustik tarqalish o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni qayd etdi. ^[3] 19 - asrning oxiriga kelib katod nurlarining(elektron nurlar)^[4] va rentgen nurlarining^[5] tarqalishi kuzatildi va muhokama qilindi. Subatomik zarralarning kashf etilishi bilan (masalan.Ernest Rezerford tomonidan 1911 yilda^[6]) va kvant nazariyasi 20-asrda rivojlanishi bilan bu atama ma'nosi kengaydi, chunki yorug'lik tarqalishida ishlatiladigan bir xil matematik ramkalar boshqa ko'plab hodisalarga nisbatan qo'llanilishi mumkin edi.

Yagona va takroriy yorug'lik sochilishi

Zodiacal nur-tungi osmonda ko'rinadigan zaif, tarqoq nur. Bu hodisa quyosh tizimining butun tekisligiga tarqalgan sayyoralararo chang bilan quyosh nurlarining tarqalishidan kelib chiqadi.^[7]

Agar radiatsiya faqat bitta lokalizatsiya markazi tomonidan tarqalgan bo'lsa, bu yagona yorug'lik sochilishi deyiladi. Ko'pincha tarqalish markazlari bir-biriga guruhlanadi; Bunday hollarda radiatsiya ko'p marta tarqalishi mumkin, bu takroriy yorug'lik sochilishi deb ataladi. ^[8] Yagona va ko'p tarqalishning ta'siri o'rtasidagi asosiy farq shundaki, yagona yorug'lik sochilishi odatda tasodifiy hodisa sifatida ko'rib chiqilishi mumkin, holbuki takroriy yorug'lik sochilishi biroz teskari tarzda yanada deterministik jarayon sifatida modellashtirilishi mumkin, chunki ko'p miqdordagi yorug'lik sochilish hodisalarining umumiy natijalari o'rtacha chiqishga moyildirlar. Shunday qilib, takroriy yorug'lik sochilishini ko'pincha diffuziya nazariyasi bilan yaxshi modellashtirilishi mumkin. ^[9]

Tarqalishi tufayli zaiflashuv

Kompozit namunalardan tarqalish nazariyasida ishlatiladigan ekvivalent miqdorlar, ammo turli xil birliklar bilan.

Maqsad nisbiy pozitsiyasi oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan darajada o'zgarib turadigan ko'plab tarqalish markazlari to'plami bo'lsa, argumentlari turli xil dastur sohalarida turli shakllarga ega bo'lgan diapazon tenglamasi haqida o'ylash odatiy holdir. Eng oddiy holatda, vaqt birligiga birlik maydoniga tushadigan zarralar soniga mutanosib bo'lgan bir xil tezlikda "tarqalmagan nur" dan zarralarni olib tashlaydigan o'zaro ta'sirni ko'rib chiqing( $I$ ), ya'ni:

{\frac {dI}{dx}}=-QI\,\!

Bu yerda Q - o'zaro ta'sir koeffitsienti va x - ma'lum bir vaqtda bosib o'tgan masofa.

Yuqoridagi oddiy birinchi tartibli differensial tenglama quyidagi ko‘rinishdagi yechimlarga ega:

I=I_{o}e^{-Q\Delta x}=I_{o}e^{-{\frac {\Delta x}{\lambda }}}=I_{o}e^{-\sigma (\eta \Delta x)}=I_{o}e^{-{\frac {\rho \Delta x}{\tau }}},

bu yerda I _o - boshlang'ich oqim, yo'l uzunligi Δx ≡ x − x_o, ikkinchi tenglik o'zaro ta'sirning o'rtacha erkin yo'lini belgilaydi λ, uchinchisi, tasavvurlar maydonini aniqlash uchun η hajm birligiga to'g'ri keladigan nishonlar sonidan σ foydalanadi , va oxirgisi zichlikning o'rtacha erkin yo'lini τ aniqlash uchun maqsadli massa zichligi ρ dan foydalanadi. Shuning uchun bu miqdorlar o'rtasida transformatsiya mavjud Q = 1/λ = ησ = ρ/τ

Masalan, elektromagnit yutilish spektroskopiyasida o'zaro ta'sir koeffitsienti (masalan, Q yilda sm-1) turli xil shaffoflik, yutilish koeffitsienti va zaiflashuv koeffitsienti deb nomlanadi. Yadro fizikasida ko'ndalang kesimlarning maydonlari (masalan, 10-24 sm2 daraja yoki σ o'lchov birliklarida), zichlik, o'rtacha erkin yurish uzunligi (masalan, g/sm2 da τ) va massa susayish koeffitsientining teskari qiymati (masalan, sm2/g) yoki nuklon uchun maydon, elektron mikroskopiya ishlatiladi buning o'rniga, ko'pincha elastik bo'lmagan o'rtacha erkin yo'l uzunligi^[10] (masalan, nanometrlarda λ) muhokama qilinadi^[11].

Ushbu maqola Mirzo Ulug'bek nomidagi O'zbekiston Milliy universiteti Fizika fakulteti talabasi Muxamedova Risolat tomonidan Wikita'lim loyihasi doirasida ingliz tilidan tarjima qilindi.

Adabiyotlar

↑ Newton, Isaac (1665). "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton Containing his New Theory About Light and Colours". Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society of London) 6: 3087.
↑ Herschel, William (1800). "Experiments on the Solar, and on the Terrestrial Rays that Occasion Heat". Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society of London) XC: 770.
↑ Tyndall, John (1874). "On the Atmosphere as a Vehicle of Sound". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 164: 221. https://www.jstor.org/stable/109101.
↑ Merritt, Ernest (5 Oct 1898). "The Magnetic Deflection of Diffusely Reflected Cathode Rays". Electrical Review 33 (14): 217. https://books.google.com/books?id=j0Q_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA217.
↑ "Recent Work with Röntgen Rays". Nature 53 (1383): 613–616. 30 Apr 1896. doi:10.1038/053613a0. https://books.google.com/books?id=X-CiNgBQgR4C&pg=PA615.
↑ Rutherford, E. (1911). "The Scattering of α and β rays by Matter and the Structure of the Atom". Philosophical Magazine 6: 21.
↑ „Zodiacal Glow Lightens Paranal Sky“. ESO Picture of the Week. European Southern Observatory. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
↑ Gonis, Antonios. Multiple Scattering in Solids. Springer, 1999. ISBN 978-0-387-98853-5.
↑ Gonis, Antonios. Multiple Scattering in Solids. Springer, 1999. ISBN 978-0-387-98853-5.
↑ R. F. Egerton (1996) Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the electron microscope (Second Edition, Plenum Press, NY) ISBN 0-306-45223-5
↑ Ludwig Reimer (1997) Transmission electron microscopy: Physics of image formation and microanalysis (Fourth Edition, Springer, Berlin) ISBN 3-540-62568-2

Havolalar

Research group on light scattering and diffusion in complex systems
Multiple light scattering from a photonic science point of view (Wayback Machine saytida 2018-05-04 sanasida arxivlangan)
Neutron Scattering Web (Wayback Machine saytida 2008-12-23 sanasida arxivlangan)
World directory of neutron scattering instruments (Wayback Machine saytida 2020-03-08 sanasida arxivlangan)
Scattering and diffraction
Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme (OCIS), Optical Society of America, 1997
Lectures of the European school on theoretical methods for electron and positron induced chemistry, Prague, Feb. 2005 (Wayback Machine saytida 2016-03-03 sanasida arxivlangan)
E. Koelink, Lectures on scattering theory, Delft the Netherlands 2006

[1] Newton, Isaac (1665). "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton Containing his New Theory About Light and Colours". Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society of London) 6: 3087.

[2] Herschel, William (1800). "Experiments on the Solar, and on the Terrestrial Rays that Occasion Heat". Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society of London) XC: 770.

[3] Tyndall, John (1874). "On the Atmosphere as a Vehicle of Sound". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 164: 221. https://www.jstor.org/stable/109101.

[4] Merritt, Ernest (5 Oct 1898). "The Magnetic Deflection of Diffusely Reflected Cathode Rays". Electrical Review 33 (14): 217. https://books.google.com/books?id=j0Q_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA217.

[5] "Recent Work with Röntgen Rays". Nature 53 (1383): 613–616. 30 Apr 1896. doi:10.1038/053613a0. https://books.google.com/books?id=X-CiNgBQgR4C&pg=PA615.

[6] Rutherford, E. (1911). "The Scattering of α and β rays by Matter and the Structure of the Atom". Philosophical Magazine 6: 21.

[7] „Zodiacal Glow Lightens Paranal Sky“. ESO Picture of the Week. European Southern Observatory. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.

[8] Gonis, Antonios. Multiple Scattering in Solids. Springer, 1999. ISBN 978-0-387-98853-5.

[9] Gonis, Antonios. Multiple Scattering in Solids. Springer, 1999. ISBN 978-0-387-98853-5.

[10] R. F. Egerton (1996) Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the electron microscope (Second Edition, Plenum Press, NY) ISBN 0-306-45223-5

[11] Ludwig Reimer (1997) Transmission electron microscopy: Physics of image formation and microanalysis (Fourth Edition, Springer, Berlin) ISBN 3-540-62568-2

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