Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (talaffuzi: Eybreham Linken; 12-fevral 1809-yil — 15-aprel 1865-yil) amerikalik huquqshunos va davlat arbobi boʻlib, 1861-yildan to oʻldirilishiga (1865-yil) qadar Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarining 16-prezidenti lavozimini bajargandir. Lincoln mamlakatni Amerika fuqarolar urushi davomida boshqargan hamda prezidentlik davrida Birlikni saqlab qolishga, AQSh hududida qullikni bekor qilishga, federal boshqaruv ustidan markaziy nazoratni kuchaytirishga va AQSh iqtisodiyotini modernizatsiyalashga erishgan.
Abraham Lincoln | |
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Lincoln portreti (1863-yil noyabr) | |
16-Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Prezidenti | |
Mansab davri 4-mart 1861-yil – 15-aprel 1865-yil | |
Vitse-prezident |
|
Oʻtmishdoshi | James Buchanan |
Vorisi | Andrew Johnson |
Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Vakillar Palatasi aʼzosi (Illinois shtati 7-okrugdan) | |
Mansab davri 4-mart 1847-yil – 3-mart 1849-yil | |
Oʻtmishdoshi | John Henry |
Vorisi | Thomas L. Harris |
Illinois Vakillar Palatasi aʼzosi (Sangamondan) | |
Mansab davri 1-dekabr 1834-yil – 4-dekabr 1842-yil | |
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari | |
Tavalludi |
12-fevral 1809-yil Hodgenville, Kentucky, AQSh |
Vafoti |
15-aprel 1865-yil (56 yoshda) Vashington, AQSh |
Fuqaroligi |
AQSh San Marino (faxriy)[1] |
Siyosiy partiyasi |
|
Boʻyi | 193 sm[2] |
Turmush oʻrtogʻi |
Mary Todd (turm. 1842) |
Bolalari | Edward Baker Lincoln, Tad Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln, William Wallace Lincoln |
Ota-onasi |
Thomas Lincoln Nancy Hanks |
Kasbi |
|
Imzosi |
Lincoln Kentucky shtatida qashshoq oilada tugʻilgan, bolalik yillari esa asosan Indiana shtatida oʻtgan. U kollejga bormagan, oʻzi oʻqib, huquqshunos boʻlgan. Shuningdek, Whig Party yetakchisi, Illinois shtati vakili va Illinois shtatidan kongressmen lavozimlarida faoliyat yuritgan. 1849-yilga kelib, huquqshunoslik faoliyatiga qaytadi. 1854-yilda yana siyosatga qaytdi va yangi tashkil etilgan Respublikachilar partiyasi yetakchisi boʻldi. U 1858-yilda Stephen Douglasga qarshi munozaralar ortidan obroʻ qozondi. Lincoln 1860-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida nomzodligini ilgari surdi va gʻalaba qozondi. U AQSh hududida qullikni bekor qildi. Quldorlikni yoqlagan janubiy shtatlar Birlikdan ajralib chiqishni boshlashdi. Mustaqilligini taʼminlash maqsadida janubiy shtatlar tomonidan tuzilgan Konfederativ Shtatlar Janubdagi AQSh forti boʻlmish Fort-Samterga hujum qildi. Lincoln esa qoʻzgʻolonni bostirish va Birlikni tiklash uchun kuchlar kiritib, janubiy shtatlar qoʻshinini tor-mor etdi.
Lincoln 1864-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida ham qatnashib, gʻalaba qozondi va ikkinchi muddatga saylandi. 1865-yilning 14-aprelida Appomattoxdagi urush nihoyasiga yetganidan bir necha kun oʻtgach, Lincoln rafiqasi Mary bilan Vashingtondagi Ford teatrida spektakl tomosha qilayotganida Konfederativ Shtatlarga xayrixoh boʻlgan John Wilkes Booth tarafidan otib oʻldirildi. Lincoln AQSh qahramoni oʻlaroq yodga olinib, koʻpincha AQSh tarixidagi eng buyuk prezident sifatida eʼtirof etiladi.
Dastlabki hayoti
tahrirAbraham Lincoln 1809-yil 12-fevralda Kentuckcy shtatining Hodgenville shahrida dunyoga kelgan. Otasi Thomas Lincoln, onasi Nancy Hanks Lincoln boʻlib, Abraham ularning ikkinchi farzandi boʻlgan.[3] U 1638-yilda Birlashgan Qirollikning Norfolk grafligidan Massachusetts shtatining Hingham shahriga koʻchib kelgan ingliz — Samuel Lincolnning avlodidir. Keyinchalik, oila New Jersey, Pennsylvania va Virginia kabi shtatlarga koʻchishdi.[4] Lincolnning ota tarafdan bobosi va buvisi — kapitan Abraham Lincoln va rafiqasi Bathsheba (qizlik familiyasi Herring) oilani Virginia shtatidan Kentucky shtatidagi Jefferson kauntisiga koʻchirgan.[5] Kapitan (Abrahamning bobosi) 1786-yili hind reydida vafot etgan.[6] Uning bolalari, jumladan sakkiz yoshli Thomas (Abrahamning otasi) hujumga guvoh boʻlishgan.[7][lower-alpha 1] Thomas keyinchalik oila 1800-yillar boshlarida Kentucky shatining Hardin kauntisiga koʻchib oʻtgunga qadar Kentucky va Tennessee shtatlarida turli xil ishlarda ishladi.[7]
Lincolnning onasi Nancyning kelib chiqishi nomaʼlumligicha qolmoqda, lekin Lucy Hanksning qizi deb taxmin qilinadi.[9] Thomas va Nancy 1806-yil 12-iyunida Washington kauntisida turmush qurishgan va Kentucky shtatining Elizabethtown shahriga koʻchib oʻtishgan.[10] Ularning uch farzandi boʻlgan: Sarah, Abraham va goʻdakligida vafot etgan Thomas.[11]
Thomas Lincoln Kentucky shtatida ferma sotib oladi yoki ijaraga oladi. Biroq, 81 gektarlik (200 akrlik) yerini sudda yutqazgani ortidan yoʻqotadi.[12] 1816-yili oila mulkka daxlsizligi kafolatlangan shtat — Indianaga koʻchib oʻtishdi.[13] Indiana oʻsha paytda „ozod“ (quldorlik boʻlmagan) hudud boʻlib, oila ushbu shtatning Perry kauntisidagi oq tanli boʻlmaganlar istiqomat qiladigan hudud — Hurricanega joylashdi.[14][15][16] Lincolnning soʻzlariga koʻra, uning oilasi Indianaga qisman qullik, koʻproq esa yerga egalik bilan bogʻliq qiyinchiliklar tufayli koʻchib oʻtgan.[17]
Kentucky va Indiana shtatlarida Thomas fermer, qimmatbaho mebel ishlovchi usta va duradgor sifatida ishladi.[18] Turli vaqtlarda, u fermalar, ot-ulovlar va shahar uchastkalariga egalik qilib, kaunti patrullarida ishlagan. Thomas va Nancy alkogol, raqs va qullikni taqiqlovchi Separate Baptists cherkovi aʼzolari boʻlishgan.[19]
Moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarni yengib oʻtgan Thomas 1827-yili Indiana shtatida 80 akrlik (32 gektarlik) yerga egalik qildi.[20]
Suratlar
tahrir-
Lincoln 1857-yilda
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Lincoln kichik oʻgʻli Tad bilan (1864)
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Abraham Lincolnning rafiqasi — Mary Todd Lincoln (1861)
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Lincoln yodgorligi, Vashington
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Lincoln yodgorligi ichida joylashgan Lincoln haykali
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Rushmore togʻida Lincolnning yuzi.
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Lincoln portreti tushirilgan tanga, 2002-yilda zarb qilingan.
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1863-yilda Mathew Brady tomonidan olingan fotosurat.
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Lincoln qabri, Springfield
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Ford teatri, 1865-yilda Mathew Brady tomonidan suratga olingan.
Izohlar
tahrirManbalar
tahrir- ↑ http://davidjkent-writer.com/2013/12/12/did-abraham-lincoln-have-dual-citizenship-with-the-republic-of-san-marino/
- ↑ Carpenter, Francis B.. Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton., 1866 — 217-bet.
- ↑ Donald 1996, ss. 20–22.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 3–4.
- ↑ Harrison 1935, s. 276.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 4.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Donald 1996, s. 21.
- ↑ Wilson et al. 1998, ss. 35–36.
- ↑ Bartelt 2008, s. 79.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 9.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 9–10.
- ↑ Sandburg 1926, s. 20.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 13.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 26.
- ↑ Warren 2017, s. 16, 43.
- ↑ Bartelt 2008, ss. 3, 5, 16.
- ↑ Sandburg 1926, s. 20 ; Donald 1996, ss. 23–24 .
- ↑ Bartelt 2008, ss. 34, 156.
- ↑ Donald 1996, s. 22–24.
- ↑ Bartelt 2008, ss. 24, 104.
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Havolalar
tahrirVikiomborda Abraham Lincoln haqida turkum mavjud |
- Abraham Lincoln kutubxonasi va muzeyi (ingl.)
- Abraham Lincoln — Michigan universiteti (ingl.)
- Oq uy biografiyasi (ingl.)