Erica

Erica
	Erica carnea gullari
Ilmiy tasniflash
	O‘simliklar
	Yuksak oʻsimliklar
	Gulli oʻsimliklar
	Ikki urugʻpallalilar
	Asterids
	Ericales
	Ericaceae
	Ericoideae
	Ericeae
	Erica; ; L.
Sinonimlar
	List Acrostemon Klotzsch; Aniserica (Bartl.) N.E.Br.; Anomalanthus Klotzsch; Apogandrum Neck.; Arachnocalyx Compton; Arsace Fourr.; Blaeria L.; Bruckenthalia Rchb.; Callista D.Don; Ceramia D.Don; Chlorocodon Fourr.; Chona D.Don; Coccosperma Klotzsch; Codonanthemum Klotzsch; Coilostigma Klotzsch; Comacephalus Klotzsch; Dasyanthes D.Don; Desmia D.Don; Ectasis D.Don; Eleutherostemon Klotzsch; Eremia D.Don; Eremiella Compton; Eremiopsis N.E.Br.; Eremocallis Salisb. ex Gray; Ericinella Klotzsch; Ericodes Kuntze; Ericoides Heist. ex Fabr.; Eriodesmia D.Don; Eurylepis D.Don; Euryloma D.Don; Eurystegia D.Don; Finckea Klotzsch; Grisebachia Klotzsch; Gypsocallis Salisb. ex Gray; Hexastemon Klotzsch; Kolbia Adans.; Lagenocarpus Klotzsch; Lamprotis D.Don; Lepterica N.E.Br.; Lophandra D.Don; Lopherina Neck. ex A.Juss.; Macnabia Benth. ex Endl.; Macrolinum Klotzsch; Microtrema Klotzsch; Mitrastylus Alm & T.C.E.Fr.; Nabea Lehm. ex Klotzsch; Nagelocarpus Bullock; Octogonia Klotzsch; Octopera D.Don; Omphalocaryon Klotzsch; Pachycalyx Klotzsch; Pachysa D.Don; Pentapera Klotzsch; Philippia Klotzsch; Pilopus Raf.; Plagiostemon Klotzsch; Platycalyx N.E.Br.; Salaxis Salisb.; Scyphogyne Decne.; Simocheilus Klotzsch; Stokoeanthus E.G.H.Oliv.; Sympieza Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.; Syndesmanthus Klotzsch; Syringodea D.Don; Tetralix Zinn; Thamnium Klotzsch; Thamnus Klotzsch; Thoracosperma Klotzsch; Tristemon Klotzsch; ;

Erica — Ericaceae oilasiga mansub 857 taga yaqin turni oʻz ichiga olgan gulli oʻsimliklar turkumi^[1]. Calluna turkumi ilgari Erica tarkibiga kirgan.

Etimologiya

Lotin tilidan tarjima qilingan erica soʻzi „supurgi“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi^[2]. Ba‘zilar ericani qadimgi yunon tilidan moslagan deb taxmin qilishadi^[3].

Tavsif

Erica turlarining aksariyati boʻyi 20–150 cm (8–59 in)ga yetadigan kichik butalardir, eng balandlari E. arborea va E. scoparia boʻlib, ikkalasi ham 7 m (23 ft) gacha oʻsishi mumkin. Hammasi doim yashil, mayda ignasimon barglari uzunligi 2–15 millimetr (0.079–0.591 in). Urugʻlar juda kichik va baʼzi turlari tuproqda oʻnlab yillar davomida yashovchanligi saqlashi mumkin.

Taksonomiya va filogeniya

Dulfer^[4]^[5] 1960-yillarda Erica turkumining 605 turini oxirgi nashr etdi. Keyinchalik koʻplab yangi turlar tasvirlangan (ayniqsa, Janubiy Afrikada) va yana 83 tasi Erica tarkibiga kiritilgan, biroq butun jinsni zamonaviy taksonomik qayta koʻrib chiqish hali ham yetishmayapti.

Ericaning eng yaqin qarindoshlari Daboecia (bir yoki ikkita tur) va Calluna (monospesifik)^[6]. Yevropaning oz sonli Erica turlari turkumining eng qadimgi nasllarini ifodalaydi, ularning ichida yagona, kattalikdagi turlarga boy, afrikalik navlar joylashgan^[7]. Afrika qitʼasida Cape va Madagascan/Mascarene turlari mos ravishda monofiletik guruhlarni ifodalaydi^[8].

Turlar

Tanlangan turlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

Erica arborea

Erica cinerea

Erica junonia

Erica mammosa

Erica ciliaris

Heather fields in Ortegal (Galicia)

Yashash joyi

Taxminan 690 tur Janubiy Afrikaga endemik hisoblanadi^[9]. Qolgan turlar Afrika, Madagaskar, Oʻrta er dengizi va Yevropaning boshqa qismlarida oʻsadi

Koʻpgina Ericaceae turlari singari, Erica turlari asosan kislotali yoki juda kislotali tuproqlarda oʻsadi. Darhaqiqat, „ericaceous“ atamasi oʻsimliklarni yetishtirishda ishlatiladigan kompostga nisbatan qoʻllanadi^[10]. Ular koʻpincha mitti butazorlarda (togʻlik va botqoq) yoki ochiq kislotali oʻrmonlarning tuproqli qismlarida oʻsadi.

Ekologiya

Bu turdagi oʻsimliklar asosan koʻplab kapalak turlarining lichinkalari, jumladan, imperator kuya kapalagi, bogʻ yoʻlbarsi, haqiqiy sevishganlar tugunlari, shuvoq pug, kumush naqshli koʻk kapalak^[11] va Coleophoralar tomonidan isteʼmol qilinadi.

Quyosh qushlarining baʼzi turlari Ericaga qoʻnishi va changlatishi maʼlum. Changlatishda ishtirok etadigan ikkita tur janubiy ikki yoqali quyosh qushi va toʻq sariq koʻkrakli quyosh qushidir.

Kultivatsiya

Heather bogʻi, Ness botanika bogʻlari

Erica turlari gullari uchun peyzaj yoki bogʻ oʻsimliklari sifatida oʻstiriladi. Ular ignabargli daraxtlar bilan yaxshi bogʻlanadi va koʻpincha ekish sxemalarida mitti ignabargli oʻsimliklar navlari ostida ommaviy tuproq qoplami sifatida oʻstiriladi. Ular yil davomida gullashga qodir. Ular, shuningdek, kuzda va qishda vannalar yoki deraza qutilarida oʻstirilishi mumkin^[12].

Manbalar

↑ Manning, John. Field Guide to Fynbos. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 2007 — 224-bet. ISBN 978-1-77007-265-7.
↑ Scarborough, John. Medical Terminologies : Classical Origins Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture. University of Oklahoma Press, 1992 — 20-bet. ISBN 978-0-806-13029-3.
↑ Gledhill, David. The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press, 2008 — 156-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
↑ Dulfer, H (1964). „Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung Erica L. 1 Teil“. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 67-jild. 79–147-bet. JSTOR 41769215.
↑ Dulfer, H (1965). „Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung Erica L. 2 Teil“. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 68-jild. 25–177-bet. JSTOR 41764839.
↑ Mugrabi de Kuppler, A.L.; Fagúndez, J.; Bellstedt, D.U.; Oliver, E.G.H.; Léon, J.; Pirie, M.D. (2015). „Testing reticulate versus coalescent origins of Erica lusitanica using a species phylogeny of the northern heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae)“. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 88-jild. 121–131-bet. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.005. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25888972.
↑ Pirie, Michael D.; Oliver, E.G.H.; Bellstedt, Dirk U. (2011). „A densely sampled ITS phylogeny of the Cape flagship genus Erica L. suggests numerous shifts in floral macro-morphology“. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61-jild, № 2. 593–601-bet. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21722743.
↑ Pirie, M. D.; Oliver, E. G. H.; Mugrabi de Kuppler, A.; Gehrke, B.; Le Maitre, N. C.; Kandziora, M.; Bellstedt, D. U. (2016). „The biodiversity hotspot as evolutionary hot-bed: spectacular radiation of Erica in the Cape Floristic Region“. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16-jild, № 1. 190-bet. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0764-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5027107. PMID 27639849.
↑ Manning, John. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region: 1: the core Cape flora. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI, 2012. ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7.
↑ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2007 — 3804-bet. ISBN 978-0199206872.
↑ Thomas, C. D.; Glen, S. W. T.; Lewis, O. T.; Hill, J. K.; Blakeley, D. S. (1-fevral 1999-yil). „Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus“. Animal Conservation (inglizcha). 2-jild, № 1. 15–21-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x. ISSN 1469-1795.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley, 2008 — 1136-bet. ISBN 978-1405332965.

[1] Manning, John. Field Guide to Fynbos. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 2007 — 224-bet. ISBN 978-1-77007-265-7.

[2] Scarborough, John. Medical Terminologies : Classical Origins Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture. University of Oklahoma Press, 1992 — 20-bet. ISBN 978-0-806-13029-3.

[3] Gledhill, David. The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press, 2008 — 156-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.

[Dulfer1964-4] Dulfer, H (1964). „Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung Erica L. 1 Teil“. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 67-jild. 79–147-bet. JSTOR 41769215.

[Dulfer1965-5] Dulfer, H (1965). „Revision der Südafrikanischen Arten der Gattung Erica L. 2 Teil“. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 68-jild. 25–177-bet. JSTOR 41764839.

[Mugrabi_de_KupplerFagúndez2015-6] Mugrabi de Kuppler, A.L.; Fagúndez, J.; Bellstedt, D.U.; Oliver, E.G.H.; Léon, J.; Pirie, M.D. (2015). „Testing reticulate versus coalescent origins of Erica lusitanica using a species phylogeny of the northern heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae)“. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 88-jild. 121–131-bet. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.005. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25888972.

[PirieOliver2011-7] Pirie, Michael D.; Oliver, E.G.H.; Bellstedt, Dirk U. (2011). „A densely sampled ITS phylogeny of the Cape flagship genus Erica L. suggests numerous shifts in floral macro-morphology“. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61-jild, № 2. 593–601-bet. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21722743.

[PirieOliver2016-8] Pirie, M. D.; Oliver, E. G. H.; Mugrabi de Kuppler, A.; Gehrke, B.; Le Maitre, N. C.; Kandziora, M.; Bellstedt, D. U. (2016). „The biodiversity hotspot as evolutionary hot-bed: spectacular radiation of Erica in the Cape Floristic Region“. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16-jild, № 1. 190-bet. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0764-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5027107. PMID 27639849.

[Manning_2012_p.-9] Manning, John. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region: 1: the core Cape flora. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI, 2012. ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7.

[10] Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2007 — 3804-bet. ISBN 978-0199206872.

[11] Thomas, C. D.; Glen, S. W. T.; Lewis, O. T.; Hill, J. K.; Blakeley, D. S. (1-fevral 1999-yil). „Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus“. Animal Conservation (inglizcha). 2-jild, № 1. 15–21-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x. ISSN 1469-1795.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[RHSAZ-12] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley, 2008 — 1136-bet. ISBN 978-1405332965.

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Erica

Erica carnea gullari
Ilmiy tasniflash
	O‘simliklar
	Yuksak oʻsimliklar
	Gulli oʻsimliklar
	Ikki urugʻpallalilar
	Asterids
	Ericales
	Ericaceae
	Ericoideae
	Ericeae
	Erica L.


Sinonimlar
List Acrostemon Klotzsch Aniserica (Bartl.) N.E.Br. Anomalanthus Klotzsch Apogandrum Neck. Arachnocalyx Compton Arsace Fourr. Blaeria L. Bruckenthalia Rchb. Callista D.Don Ceramia D.Don Chlorocodon Fourr. Chona D.Don Coccosperma Klotzsch Codonanthemum Klotzsch Coilostigma Klotzsch Comacephalus Klotzsch Dasyanthes D.Don Desmia D.Don Ectasis D.Don Eleutherostemon Klotzsch Eremia D.Don Eremiella Compton Eremiopsis N.E.Br. Eremocallis Salisb. ex Gray Ericinella Klotzsch Ericodes Kuntze Ericoides Heist. ex Fabr. Eriodesmia D.Don Eurylepis D.Don Euryloma D.Don Eurystegia D.Don Finckea Klotzsch Grisebachia Klotzsch Gypsocallis Salisb. ex Gray Hexastemon Klotzsch Kolbia Adans. Lagenocarpus Klotzsch Lamprotis D.Don Lepterica N.E.Br. Lophandra D.Don Lopherina Neck. ex A.Juss. Macnabia Benth. ex Endl. Macrolinum Klotzsch Microtrema Klotzsch Mitrastylus Alm & T.C.E.Fr. Nabea Lehm. ex Klotzsch Nagelocarpus Bullock Octogonia Klotzsch Octopera D.Don Omphalocaryon Klotzsch Pachycalyx Klotzsch Pachysa D.Don Pentapera Klotzsch Philippia Klotzsch Pilopus Raf. Plagiostemon Klotzsch Platycalyx N.E.Br. Salaxis Salisb. Scyphogyne Decne. Simocheilus Klotzsch Stokoeanthus E.G.H.Oliv. Sympieza Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. Syndesmanthus Klotzsch Syringodea D.Don Tetralix Zinn Thamnium Klotzsch Thamnus Klotzsch Thoracosperma Klotzsch Tristemon Klotzsch