Vikipediya

Impostor sindromi

Impostor sindromi, shuningdek, firibgarlik fenomeni yoki firibgarlik sifatida ham tanilgan, bu psixologik hodisa bo'lib, unda odam o'z qobiliyatlari, iste'dodlari yoki yutuqlariga shubha qiladi va firibgar sifatida fosh bo'lishdan doimiy qo'rquvga ega. [1] O'zlarining qobiliyatlarining tashqi dalillariga qaramay, bu hodisani boshdan kechirganlar o'zlarining muvaffaqiyatlari yoki omadlariga loyiq ekanliklariga ishonishmaydi. Ular buni noto'g'ri Matfey effekti bilan bog'lashlari mumkin yoki ular boshqalarni aldayapti deb o'ylashlari mumkin, chunki ular o'zlarini tashqi ko'rinishi kabi aqlli emasdek his qilishadi. [2] Impostor sindromi shaxsiy munosabatlarning keskinlashuvidan kelib chiqishi va natijada odamlarga o'zlarining qiziqish sohalarida o'zlarining to'liq potentsiallariga erishishlariga to'sqinlik qilishi mumkin. [3]

Ko'pincha firibgarlar o'zlarining haqiqiy shaxsiyatlari o'zlarining firibgar niqobi ostida oshkor bo'lishini his qilishadi.

Firibgar sindromi birinchi marta kontseptsiyalanganida, u yuqori natijalarga erishgan ayollar orasida keng tarqalgan hodisa sifatida qaraldi. Keyingi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, bu erkaklar va ayollarga ta'sir qiladi, umumiy ma'noda ta'sirlangan nisbat jinslar o'rtasida ko'proq yoki kamroq teng taqsimlanadi. [4][5] Firibgar sindromi bo'lgan odamlarda ko'pincha ruhiy salomatlik bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjud bo'lib, ularni psixologik aralashuvlar bilan davolash mumkin, ammo bu hodisa rasmiy ruhiy kasallik emas. [6]

Tarix

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Firibgar fenomeni atamasi 1978 yilda Pauline R. Clance va Suzanne A. Imes tomonidan chop etilgan "Yuqoriga erishgan ayollarda firibgarlik fenomeni : dinamika va terapevtik aralashuv" nomli maqolada kiritilgan. Klans va Imes firibgarlik fenomenini "intellektual soxtalikning ichki tajribasi" deb ta'rifladilar va dastlab o'zlarining tadqiqotlarini oliy ta'lim va kasbiy sohalardagi ayollarga qaratdilar. [7]

Tadqiqotchilar 100 dan ortiq ayollarni so'roq qilishdi, ularning taxminan uchdan bir qismi firibgarlik sindromidan tashqari sabablarga ko'ra psixoterapiya bilan shug'ullangan va uchdan ikki qismi o'zlarining ma'ruzalari va terapiya guruhlari orqali bilishgan. Ishtirokchilarning barchasi hamkasblari tomonidan o'zlarining kasbiy mahoratlari uchun rasman tan olindi va ta'lim darajalari va standartlashtirilgan test ballari orqali akademik yutuqlarni namoyish etdilar. Bu ayollar doimiy tashqi tasdiqlashga qaramay, ular erishgan yutuqlarni ichki tan olishmadi. Muvaffaqiyatlari haqida so'ralganda, ba'zi ishtirokchilar buni omad bilan bog'lashdi, ba'zilari esa odamlar o'z imkoniyatlarini ortiqcha baholagan deb hisoblashdi. Klans va Imes firibgarlik hodisasining aqliy doirasi gender stereotiplari, oilaviy muammolar, madaniy me'yorlar va atribut uslubi kabi omillardan kelib chiqqan deb hisoblashgan. Ular tadqiqotda qatnashgan ayollarda "umumiy tashvish, o'ziga ishonchsizlik, tushkunlik va o'z-o'zidan o'rnatilgan muvaffaqiyat standartlariga javob bera olmaslik bilan bog'liq umidsizlik" alomatlarini boshdan kechirishini aniqladilar. [8]

Psixopatologiya

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Firibgar sindromi bo'lgan ba'zi odamlar o'zlarini tengdoshlari yoki boshqa ruhiy kasallarga qaraganda kamroq kasal (kamroq tushkunlikka tushgan, kamroq tashvishli) deb bilishlari mumkin, bu ularning jiddiy alomatlari yo'qligini asosiy muammoning yo'qligi yoki ahamiyatsizligidan dalolat beradi. Bunday fikrga ega bo'lgan odamlar ko'pincha muammolari uchun yordam so'ramaydilar, chunki ular o'z muammolarini psixiatrik e'tiborga loyiq emas deb bilishadi. [9][10]

Impostor hodisasi ma'lum stimul va hodisalarga reaktsiya sifatida o'rganiladi. Bu ruhiy kasallik emas, balki shaxsda sodir bo'ladigan tajriba. [11] Impostor hodisasi DSM yoki ICDda tan olinmaydi, garchi bu tasniflash tizimlarining ikkalasi ham o'zini past baholaydi va muvaffaqiyatsizlik tuyg'usini depressiya bilan bog'liq alomatlar sifatida tan oladi. [12]

Soxta hodisani o'lchash

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Soxta hodisaning xususiyatlarini o'lchash uchun mo'ljallangan birinchi shkala 1985 yilda Klans tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, u Klans Impostor fenomeni shkalasi (CIPS) deb nomlangan. O'lchov qo'rquv xususiyatlarining shaxsda mavjudligini va qay darajada ekanligini aniqlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Qo'rquvning jihatlariga quyidagilar kiradi: "baholash qo'rquvi, muvaffaqiyatni davom ettirmaslik qo'rquvi va boshqalar kabi qobiliyatli bo'lmaslik qo'rquvi". [13] Shaxsning o'zini o'zi qadrlashi va qanday qilib muvaffaqiyatga erishishi haqidagi nuqtai nazari kabi firibgar sindromning xususiyatlari CIPS tomonidan o'lchanadi. 1271 muhandislik kolleji talabalari namunasi CIPSning psixometrik xususiyatlarini tekshirish uchun Brayan F. Fransuz, Sara C. Ullrix-Fransuz va Debora Follman tomonidan o'rganildi. Ular tarozilarning individual tarkibiy qismlarining ballari to'liq ishonchli yoki izchil emasligini aniqladilar va ulardan sindromli shaxslar haqida muhim qarorlar qabul qilish uchun foydalanmaslikni taklif qilishdi. [14]

1985 yilgi maqolasida Klans firibgarlik hodisasini quyidagi olti xususiyat bilan ajratib ko‘rsatish mumkinligini tushuntirib berdi, ulardan yolg‘onchi odam kamida ikkitasini boshdan kechirishi kerak: [15]

  1. Firibgarlik davri
  2. Maxsus yoki eng yaxshi bo'lish zarurati
  3. Supermen/super ayolning xususiyatlari
  4. Muvaffaqiyatsizlikdan qo'rqish
  5. Qobiliyatdan voz kechish va maqtovni kamaytirish
  6. Muvaffaqiyatdan qo'rqish va aybdorlik hissi

Hodisa

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Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, odamlarning qariyb 70 foizi hayotida kamida bir marta firibgarlik hodisasining belgilari va alomatlarini boshdan kechiradi. [16] Bu yangi akademik yoki professional muhitning natijasi bo'lishi mumkin. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, yangi akademik muhitga kirgan talabalar uchun firibgarlik hodisasi odatiy hol emas. Ishonchsizlik hissi noma'lum, yangi muhit natijasida paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Bu o'ziga ishonch va o'z qobiliyatlariga ishonishning pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin. [17]

Gender farqlari

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Klans va Imes 1978 yilgi maqolalarida o'zlarining klinik tajribalariga asoslanib, firibgarlik fenomeni erkaklarda kamroq tarqalganligini ta'kidladilar. [18] Biroq, so'nggi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, firibgarlik hodisasi erkaklar va ayollar o'rtasida teng ravishda tarqaladi. [19][20] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, ayollar odatda ishlash borasida yolg'on hodisaga duch kelishadi. Qobiliyat va kuchni idrok etish boshqalardan ustun turishda namoyon bo'ladi. Erkaklar uchun firibgarlik hodisasi ko'pincha muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lish qo'rquvi yoki etarlicha yaxshi emasligi bilan bog'liq. [20]

Sozlamalar

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Impostor hodisasi boshqa turli xil sozlamalarda paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi misollar orasida yangi muhit, [21] akademik sozlamalar, [22] ish joyidagi, [22] ijtimoiy o'zaro ta'sirlar, [23] va munosabatlar (platonik yoki romantik). [23]

O'zaro munosabatlarda yolg'onchi odamlar ko'pincha do'stlari yoki yaqinlarining umidlarini oqlamasliklarini his qilishadi. Ko'pincha yolg'onchi odam boshqalarni aldab, ularni yoqtirish va ular bilan vaqt o'tkazishni xohlaydi, deb o'ylashadi. Ular noloyiqlik yoki o'zlari ega bo'lgan foydali munosabatlarga loyiq emaslik hissiyotlarini boshdan kechirishadi. [24]

Talabalarda firibgarlik hodisasining zararli ta'sirini ko'rsatadigan empirik dalillar mavjud. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, talabaning akademik o'z-o'zini anglashi ortganda, firibgarlik fenomeni alomatlari kamayadi va aksincha. [25] Talabalarning tashvish va his-tuyg'ulari ularning dasturdagi faoliyatiga bevosita ta'sir qildi. Talabalar boshdan kechiradigan firibgarlik hodisasining umumiy jihatlari orasida o'zini akademik jihatdan tayyorlanmaslik (ayniqsa, o'zlarini sinfdoshlari bilan solishtirganda), [26] dasturga qanday sabablarga ko'ra qabul qilinganiga shubha qilish, [27] ijobiy e'tirof, mukofotlar va yaxshiliklarni qabul qilish kiradi. baholar shaxsiy qobiliyat yoki aql emas, balki tashqi omillardan kelib chiqqan. [27]

Cokley va boshqalar. firibgarlik hodisasining talabalarga, xususan, etnik ozchilik talabalariga ta'sirini o'rganib chiqdi. Ular talabalarning firibgarlik hissi ruhiy iztirobga olib kelishini aniqladilar. Etnik ozchilik talabalari ko'pincha dasturga qanday sabablarga ko'ra qabul qilinganligi haqida savol berishdi. Ular taklif qilishlari kerak bo'lgan g'ayrioddiy qo'llash va fazilatlar o'rniga, faqat tasdiqlovchi harakatlar tufayli qabul qilingan deb noto'g'ri taxmin qilishdi. [28]

Tigranyan va boshqalar. (2021) firibgarlik fenomenining psixologiya doktorantlari bilan bog'liqligini o'rganib chiqdi. Tadqiqotning maqsadi IP ning klinik va maslahat psixologiyasi doktorantlarida mukammallik idroklari, depressiya, tashvish, muvaffaqiyat motivlari, o'z-o'zini samaradorligi, o'ziga rahm-shafqat va o'zini o'zi hurmat qilish bilan aloqasini o'rganish edi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu tadqiqot IP ushbu talabalarning akademik, amaliyot va amaliyot natijalariga qanday xalaqit berishi va IP psixologiya doktori dasturida qanday namoyon bo'lishini o'rganishga harakat qildi. Ularga sakson to'rtta klinik va maslahat psixologiyasi doktorantlari kirdi va ularga onlayn so'rovga javob berish topshirildi. Ma'lumotlar Pearsonning mahsulot-moment korrelyatsiyasi va ko'p chiziqli regressiya yordamida tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqotda qatnashgan talabalarning 88% IP xususiyatlarining kamida o'rtacha his-tuyg'ularini bildirgan. Ushbu tadqiqot, shuningdek, IP va perfektsionistik idrok, depressiya, tashvish va o'z-o'ziga rahm-shafqat o'rtasida sezilarli ijobiy korrelyatsiyani aniqladi. Ushbu tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatadiki, klinik o'qituvchilar va rahbarlar malaka va ishonch hissini oshirish umidida talabalarga IP hissini kamaytirishga yordam berish uchun qo'llab-quvvatlovchi yondashuvni qo'llashlari kerak. [29]

Ulanishlar

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Tadqiqotlar firibgarlik hodisasi va quyidagi omillar o'rtasida bog'liqlik mavjudligini ko'rsatdi:

  • Oilaviy umidlar [30]
  • Haddan tashqari himoyalangan ota-onalar yoki qonuniy vasiy(lar) [31]
  • Bitiruv darajasidagi kurs ishi [30]
  • Irqiy identifikatsiyalar [30]
  • Atribut uslubi [32]
  • Anksiyete [32]
  • Depressiya [32]
  • O'z-o'zini hurmat qilishning past xususiyati [32]
  • Perfektsionizm [33]
  • Haddan tashqari o'z-o'zini nazorat qilish, o'z qadr-qimmatiga urg'u berish [34]

Ro'yxatda keltirilgan jihatlar bir-birini istisno qilmaydi. Ushbu komponentlar ko'pincha firibgarlik fenomeni bo'lgan shaxslar o'rtasida o'zaro bog'liqligi aniqlanadi. Bu jihatlar o'rtasidagi korrelyatsion bog'liqlik firibgarlik tajribasini keltirib chiqaradi, degan xulosaga kelish noto'g'ri. [35]

Firibgarlik fenomeni bo'lgan odamlarda aybdorlik hissi ko'pincha muvaffaqiyat qo'rquviga olib keladi. Quyida aybdorlik hissi paydo bo'lishiga olib keladigan va hodisani kuchaytiradigan umumiy tushunchalarning misollari keltirilgan. [36]

  • Ular yaxshi ta'lim olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi
  • Muvaffaqiyat uchun boshqalar tomonidan tan olinishi
  • Do'stingiz yoki sevganingizdan yaxshiroq vaziyatda bo'lish to'g'ri yoki adolatli emasligiga ishonish
  • Quyidagilar deb ataladi: [37]
    • "Aqlli"
    • "Iqtidorli"
    • "Mas'uliyatli"
    • "Sezgir"
    • "Yaxshisi"
    • "Bizning sevimli"

Boshqaruv

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1978 yilgi maqolalarida Klans va Imes o'zlarining ishtirokchilari yoki firibgarlik fenomeni bo'lgan mijozlar uchun qo'llagan terapevtik yondashuvni taklif qilishdi. Ushbu uslub turli shaxslar ushbu tajriba bilan yashayotgan boshqalar bilan uchrashadigan guruh muhitini o'z ichiga oladi. Tadqiqotchilar guruh uchrashuvlari ularning ishtirokchilariga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatganini tushuntirishdi. Ular bu ta'sir bu his-tuyg'ularni boshdan kechirgan yagona odamlar emasligini anglash natijasidir, deb taklif qilishdi. Ishtirokchilar turli uy vazifalarini ham bajarishlari kerak edi. Bitta topshiriqda ishtirokchilar o'tmishda aldagan yoki aldagan deb hisoblagan barcha odamlarni esladilar. Boshqa bir uy vazifasida odamlar o'zlari olgan ijobiy fikr-mulohazalarini yozib olishdi. Keyinchalik, ular bu fikr-mulohazalarni nima uchun olganliklarini va bu ularni salbiy nuqtai nazardan qabul qilishlariga nima sabab bo'lganini eslashlari kerak edi. Guruh mashg'ulotlarida tadqiqotchilar ishtirokchilarga ishlash haqidagi umumiy fikr va g'oyalarni qayta shakllantirishga majbur bo'ldilar. Misol tariqasida: "Men bu imtihonda muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishim mumkin" ni "Men bu imtihonda yaxshi o'qiyman" ga o'zgartirish mumkin. [38]

Tadqiqotchilar, voqea sodir bo'lishidan oldin o'z-o'zidan shubhalanishni oddiygina olib tashlash, yolg'onchilik tuyg'ularini yo'q qilishga yordam beradi degan xulosaga kelishdi. [39] Ushbu tajriba bilan kurashayotgan odamlarga do'stlari va oilalaridan yordam so'rash tavsiya qilindi. Garchi firibgarlik hodisasi patologik holat bo'lmasa-da, bu o'ziga nisbatan buzilgan e'tiqod tizimi bo'lib, shaxsning o'z qadr-qimmatini baholashiga kuchli salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. [40] Impostor sindromi tan olingan psixiatrik kasallik emas: Amerika Psixiatriya Assotsiatsiyasining Diagnostika va Statistik qo'llanmasida ko'rsatilmagan va Kasalliklarning Xalqaro tasnifi, O'ninchi qayta ko'rib chiqishda (ICD-10) tashxis sifatida qayd etilmagan. Akademik adabiyotdan tashqari, firibgar sindromi, ayniqsa ish joyidagi yutuqlar kontekstida keng muhokama qilindi. Ehtimol, bu rasman e'tirof etilgan klinik tashxis emasligi sababli, keng ko'lamli ko'rib chiqish va oddiy adabiyotlarga qaramay, sifatli tekshiruv o'tkazilgan bo'lsa-da, firibgar sindromi bo'yicha adabiyotlarning tizimli ko'rib chiqilishi hech qachon nashr etilmagan. Shunday qilib, klinisyenlarda firibgar sindromning tarqalishi, qo'shma kasalliklar va tashxis qo'yish va davolashning eng yaxshi amaliyotlari bo'yicha dalillar yo'q. [41]

Impostorizm uchun terapevtik yondashuvlar bo'yicha boshqa tadqiqotlar o'z-o'zini qadrlash muhimligini ta'kidlaydi. Firibgarlik fenomeni bilan yashaydigan odamlar odatda o'z-o'zini hurmat qilish va o'z qadr-qimmatini boshqalar bilan bog'lashadi. Firibgarlik fenomeni uchun boshqa terapevtik yondashuvlarning asosiy jihati ikkalasini butunlay alohida shaxslarga ajratishga qaratilgan. [42]

2013 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotda tadqiqotchi Kuina Xoang ichki motivatsiya firibgarlik hodisasida tez-tez uchraydigan firibgarlik tuyg'ularini kamaytirishi mumkinligini taklif qildi. [43] Xoang, shuningdek, yangi yoki o'qishga kirgan talabalar uchun mentor dasturini amalga oshirish talabalarning o'ziga ishonchsizlik hissini kamaytirishni taklif qildi. Dasturda bo'lgan murabbiyga ega bo'lish yangi talabalarga qo'llab-quvvatlashni his qilishlariga yordam beradi. Bu juda yumshoq va kamroq og'ir o'tish imkonini beradi.

Impostor tajribasi ko'plab psixoterapiya bilan hal qilinishi mumkin. [44][45][46] Guruh psixoterapiyasi firibgarlik tajribasini engillashtirishning ayniqsa keng tarqalgan va samarali usulidir. [47][48]

Jismoniy shaxslar

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Maya Anjelu: "Men 11 ta kitob yozganman, lekin har safar o'ylayman:" Oh, ular hozir bilib olishadi. Men hammaga o'yin o'tkazdim va ular meni topib olishadi." [49]

Quyida ushbu hodisani boshdan kechirgan taniqli shaxslarning kichik tanlovi keltirilgan:

Manbaalar

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  1. ↑ Langford, Joe; Clance, Pauline Rose (Fall 1993). "The impostor phenomenon: recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 30 (3): 495–501. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.495. http://paulineroseclance.com/pdf/-Langford.pdf. "Studies of college students (Harvey, 1981; Bussotti, 1990; Langford, 1990), college professors (Topping, 1983), and successful professionals (Dingman, 1987) have all failed, however, to reveal any sex differences in impostor feelings, suggesting that males in these populations are just as likely as females to have low expectations of success and to make attributions to non-ability related factors." 
  2. ↑ Sakulku, J.; Alexander, J. (2011). "The Impostor Phenomenon". International Journal of Behavioral Science 6: 73–92. doi:10.14456/ijbs.2011.6. https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/521. 
  3. ↑ Sandeep Ravindran. „Feeling Like a Fraud: The Impostor Phenomenon in Science Writing“ (en-US). The Open Notebook (2016-yil 15-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-mart.
  4. ↑ Langford, Joe; Clance, Pauline Rose (Fall 1993). "The impostor phenomenon: recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 30 (3): 495–501. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.495. http://paulineroseclance.com/pdf/-Langford.pdf. "Studies of college students (Harvey, 1981; Bussotti, 1990; Langford, 1990), college professors (Topping, 1983), and successful professionals (Dingman, 1987) have all failed, however, to reveal any sex differences in impostor feelings, suggesting that males in these populations are just as likely as females to have low expectations of success and to make attributions to non-ability related factors." 
  5. ↑ Lebowitz. „Men are suffering from a psychological phenomenon that can undermine their success, but they're too ashamed to talk about it“. businessinsider.com. Business Insider (2016-yil 12-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 8-fevral.
  6. ↑ Gadsby, Stephen (2021-02-14). "Imposter Syndrome and Self-Deception". Australasian Journal of Philosophy 100 (2): 247–261. doi:10.1080/00048402.2021.1874445. ISSN 0004-8402. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2021.1874445. 
  7. ↑ Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  9. ↑ „Imposter Syndrome and Mental Health“ (2019-yil 19-fevral).
  10. ↑ „Depression and the Other Type of Impostor Syndrome“.
  11. ↑ Gadsby, Stephen, (2021), "Imposter Syndrome and Self-Deception", Australasian Journal of Philosophy. Template loop detected: Andoza:Doi
    This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by handImpostor sindromi]]
  12. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2000a). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.
  13. ↑ Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  14. ↑ French, Brian F.; Ullrich-French, Sarah C.; Follman, Deborah (April 2008). "The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale" (en). Personality and Individual Differences 44 (5): 1270–1278. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.023. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191886907004278. 
  15. ↑ Sakulku, J.; Alexander, J. (2011). "The Impostor Phenomenon". International Journal of Behavioral Science 6: 73–92. doi:10.14456/ijbs.2011.6. https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/521. 
  16. ↑ Ravindran. „Feeling Like A Fraud: The Impostor Phenomenon in Science Writing“. The Open Notebook (2016-yil 15-noyabr).
  17. ↑ Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  18. ↑ Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Langford, Joe; Clance, Pauline Rose (Fall 1993). "The impostor phenomenon: recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 30 (3): 495–501. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.495. http://paulineroseclance.com/pdf/-Langford.pdf. "Studies of college students (Harvey, 1981; Bussotti, 1990; Langford, 1990), college professors (Topping, 1983), and successful professionals (Dingman, 1987) have all failed, however, to reveal any sex differences in impostor feelings, suggesting that males in these populations are just as likely as females to have low expectations of success and to make attributions to non-ability related factors." 
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Royse Roskowki, Jane C. (2010). "Impostor Phenomenon and Counselling Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Impostor Feelings". Ball State University. 
  21. ↑ Sakulku, J.; Alexander, J. (2011). "The Impostor Phenomenon". International Journal of Behavioral Science 6: 73–92. doi:10.14456/ijbs.2011.6. https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/521. 
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  24. ↑ Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  25. ↑ Royse Roskowki, Jane C. (2010). "Impostor Phenomenon and Counselling Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Impostor Feelings". Ball State University. 
  26. ↑ Sakulku, J.; Alexander, J. (2011). "The Impostor Phenomenon". International Journal of Behavioral Science 6: 73–92. doi:10.14456/ijbs.2011.6. https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/521. 
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  28. ↑ Cokley, Kevin et al. (2013). "An Examination of the Impact of Minority Status Stress and Impostor Feelings on the Mental Health of Diverse Ethnic Minority College Students". Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 41 (2): 82–95. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00029.x. 
  29. ↑ Tigranyan, Shushan; Byington, Dacoda R.; Liupakorn, Diana; Hicks, Alexis; Lombardi, Sarah; Mathis, Melissa; Rodolfa, Emil (November 2021). "Factors related to the impostor phenomenon in psychology doctoral students." (en). Training and Education in Professional Psychology 15 (4): 298–305. doi:10.1037/tep0000321. ISSN 1931-3926. http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/tep0000321. 
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  31. ↑ Ravindran. „Feeling Like A Fraud: The Impostor Phenomenon in Science Writing“. The Open Notebook (2016-yil 15-noyabr).
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 Royse Roskowki, Jane C. (2010). "Impostor Phenomenon and Counselling Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Impostor Feelings". Ball State University. 
  33. ↑ Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  34. ↑ Sakulku, J.; Alexander, J. (2011). "The Impostor Phenomenon". International Journal of Behavioral Science 6: 73–92. doi:10.14456/ijbs.2011.6. https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/521. 
  35. ↑ Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  36. ↑ Kumar, S.; Jagacinski, C.M. (2006). "Impostors have goals too: The impostor phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory.". Personality and Individual Differences 40 (1): 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.014. https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2006-01_40_1/page/147. 
  37. ↑ Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  38. ↑ Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  39. ↑ Clance, Pauline R.; Imes, Suzanne A. (Fall 1978). "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 15 (3): 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006. http://mpowir.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Download-IP-in-High-Achieving-Women.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Ravindran. „Feeling Like A Fraud: The Impostor Phenomenon in Science Writing“. The Open Notebook (2016-yil 15-noyabr).
  41. ↑ Bravata, Dena M.; Watts, Sharon A.; Keefer, Autumn L.; Madhusudhan, Divya K.; Taylor, Katie T.; Clark, Dani M.; Nelson, Ross S.; Cokley, Kevin O. et al. (April 2020). "Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment of Impostor Syndrome: a Systematic Review" (en). Journal of General Internal Medicine 35 (4): 1252–1275. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05364-1. ISSN 0884-8734. PMID 31848865. PMC 7174434. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7174434. 
  42. ↑ Royse Roskowki, Jane C. (2010). "Impostor Phenomenon and Counselling Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Impostor Feelings". Ball State University. 
  43. ↑ Hoang, Queena (January 2013). "The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming Internalized Barriers and Recognizing Achievements". The Vermont Connection 34, Article 6.. 
  44. ↑ Matthews, Gail; Clance, Pauline Rose (February 1985). "Treatment of the impostor phenomenon in psychotherapy clients". Psychotherapy in Private Practice 3 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1300/J294v03n01_09. 
  45. ↑ Leahy, Robert L. „Work worries: What if I really mess up?“, . The worry cure: seven steps to stop worry from stopping you. New York: Harmony Books, 2005 — 273–290 (274)-bet. ISBN 978-1-4000-9765-4. OCLC 57531355.  Discusses treatment of impostor syndrome with cognitive therapy.
  46. ↑ Harris, Russ. The confidence gap: a guide to overcoming fear and self-doubt. Boston: Trumpeter, 2011. ISBN 978-1-59030-923-0. OCLC 694394371.  Discusses treatment of impostor syndrome with acceptance and commitment therapy.
  47. ↑ Clance, Pauline Rose; Dingman, Debbara; Reviere, Susan L.; Stober, Dianne R. (June 1995). "Impostor phenomenon in an interpersonal/social context". Women & Therapy 16 (4): 79–96 (87). doi:10.1300/J015v16n04_07. "One of the most exciting and effective treatment modalities for women struggling with the impostor phenomenon is group psychotherapy." 
  48. ↑ Lowman, Rodney L. „Fear of success and fear of failure“, . Counseling and psychotherapy of work dysfunctions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1993 — 74–82 (81)-bet. DOI:10.1037/10133-004. ISBN 978-1-55798-204-9. OCLC 27812757. „Group treatment programs have reported positive results in lowering FOF [fear of failure] (Rajendran & Kaliappan, 1990). The value of groups in countering the so-called impostor phenomenon, in which an individual feels that he or she has succeeded inappropriately and will soon be "found out" to be a fraud, has also been reported (Clance & O'Toole, 1987; J. A. Steinberg, 1986).“ 
  49. ↑ Richards, Carl. „Learning to Deal With the Impostor Syndrome“. The New York Times (2015-yil 26-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 15-dekabr. „"I have written 11 books, but each time I think, 'Uh oh, they're going to find out now. I've run a game on everybody, and they're going to find me out.'"“.
  50. ↑ Edmonds, Lizzie. „Riz Ahmed: For a long time I felt I didn't belong in film industry“. Evening Standard (2020-yil 23-mart). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 15-fevral.
  51. ↑ Richards, Carl. „Learning to Deal With the Impostor Syndrome“. The New York Times (2015-yil 26-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 15-dekabr. „"I have written 11 books, but each time I think, 'Uh oh, they're going to find out now. I've run a game on everybody, and they're going to find me out.'"“.
  52. ↑ Roy, Eleanor Ainge. „Jacinda Ardern: I try to turn self-doubt into 'something more positive'“. The Guardian (2020-yil 21-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 21-dekabr.
  53. ↑ Chau. „Australian tech billionaire Mike Cannon-Brookes' 'impostor syndrome'“. ABC News (2017-yil 16-iyun).
  54. ↑ Fisher, John. Tommy Cooper: always leave them laughing. London: Harper [2006], 2007. ISBN 978-0-00-721511-9. OCLC 174093089. 
  55. ↑ „Neil Gaiman“. Neil Gaiman. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 24-iyul.
  56. ↑ Ha. „Neil Gaiman has the perfect anecdote to soothe anyone with impostor syndrome“. Quartz (2017-yil 15-may). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-iyun.
  57. ↑ Hanks. „Tom Hanks Says Self-Doubt Is 'A High-Wire Act That We All Walk'“. NPR.org. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 13-yanvar.
  58. ↑ „Impostor syndrome: You're better than you think“. NewsComAu (2013-yil 10-dekabr).
  59. ↑ „Michelle Obama: 'I still have impostor syndrome'“. BBC News (2018-yil 4-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 4-dekabr.
  60. ↑ Aronofsky. „Michelle Pfeiffer“. Wmagazine.com (2017-yil 28-mart). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 28-fevral.
  61. ↑ Goudreau. „When Women Feel Like Frauds They Fuel Their Own Failures“. Forbes.
  62. ↑ „Nicola Sturgeon says she 'absolutely' suffers from 'impostor syndrome'“. The Independent (2019-yil 15-may).
  63. ↑ David Tennant Fights the Demon of Impostor Syndrome theoffcamerashow
  64. ↑ "Emma Watson: I suffered from impostor syndrome after Harry Potter Now magazine". Now Magazine. 2011. http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/545448/emma-watson-i-suffered-from-impostor-syndrome-after-harry-potter-i-felt-like-a-fraud. 
  65. ↑ „Robbie Williams 'gives up Brits dressing room' to The 1975's 100-piece choir“. Metro (2017-yil 22-fevral). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 19-yanvar.
  66. ↑ David Marchese. „How Thom Yorke learned to stop worrying and (mostly) love rock stardom.“. The New York Times (2018-yil 19-oktyabr). 2020-yil 8-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 24-iyul.
  67. ↑ „'I Beat Myself a Lot Over It' - McLaren's Norris Opens up on Mental Struggles“. EssentiallySports (2021-yil 20-fevral). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 12-may.
  68. ↑ Loveland. „Whatever Happened To Andre 3000?“ (en-US). NickiSwift.com (2020-yil 27-may). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 8-iyun. 
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