Manisaning o'tlari
Manisa olovi-Turkiyaning Manisa shahrida 1922-yil 5-sentabr seshanbaga oʻtar kechasi boshlangan va 8-sentabrgacha davom etgan yondirilishini nazarda tutadi. Yong'in 1919-1922-yillardagi Grek-Turkiya urushi paytida chekinayotgan Ellin armiyasi [1][2][3] tomonidan boshlangan va buning natijasida shahardagi binolarning 90 foizi vayron bo'lgan[4][5]. AQSh konsuli Jeyms Loder Park tomonidan shahar va unga tutash mintaqadagi qurbonlar soni bir necha mingga teng deb hisoblangan[2]. Turk manbalari Manisa shahrida 4355 kishining halok bo'lganini bildirmoqda[6][7].
Manisa Gʻarbiy Anadoluda, 15-asrda Usmonlilar imperiyasi tarkibiga kirgan Sipilus togʻining shimoliy tomoni ostidagi tarixiy shaharchadir. Usmonlilar hukmronligi davrida shahar bir necha shahzodalar[4] tomonidan boshqarilgan va shuning uchun u "shahzodalar shahri" (Shehzadeler şehri) sifatida ham nom qozongan. Keyingi bir necha asrlarda Usmonli meʼmorchiligining koʻplab namunalari qurilgan, masalan, 1586-yilda mashhur meʼmor Mimar Sinan tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan Muradiye masjidi[8] va shahar hokimi hisoblangan Murod III uchun qurilgan[9].
19-asrga kelib Manisa Anadoluning Egey mintaqasidagi eng yirik shaharlardan biriga aylangan va shu paytda yongʻindan oldingi aholi soni 35 000[10] dan 50 000 gacha boʻlganligi taxmin qilinmoqda[11]. Manisa diniy va etnik jihatdan xilma-xil aholi musulmonlar, nasroniylar va yahudiylardan iborat edi, lekin turk musulmonlari eng katta guruh hisoblangan. 19-asrda boshqa guruhlar, ayniqsa yunonlar ko'paydi. 1865- yilda inglizlar aholisi 40 000 kishini tashkil etsa, yunonlar 5000, armanlar 2000 va yahudiylar 2000 ta bo'lgan[12]. 1898-yilda Usmonli tilshunosi Sami Bey aholini 36 252 kishi deb hisoblagan, shundan 21 000 musulmon, 10 400 yunonlar va 2 000 armanlardan iborat bo'lgan[13].
Birinchi jahon urushidan so'ng, Ittifoqchi kuchlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Gretsiya "Smirna hududi" deb nomlanuvchi hududni bosib olishga va keyinchalik Gretsiya tarkibiga qo'shilishni reja qildi. Bu rejaga muvofiq 1919-yil 15-mayda yunon qoʻshinlari (ittifoqchilar koʻmagi bilan) Smirnaga tushdi va shahar 26-mayda qurolli qarshiliklarsiz bosib olindi[14]. Uch yillik yunon istilosi davrida mahalliy turklar tomonidan yaxshi emas muomaladan shikoyatlar boʻlgan[6]. Yunon bosqinidan keyingi Yunoniston-Turkiya urushi davrida turklar ham, yunonlar ham qo'pol urush qilgan..
- ↑ Freely, John. Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy. .B.Tauris, 2010 — 212-bet. ISBN 9781845119416. „Manisa, which was burned to the ground by the Greeks when they evacuated the town.“
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923.
- ↑ Kinross 1960.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ayliffe, Rosie. Turkey. Rough Guides, 2003 — 313-bet. ISBN 9781843530718. „Later, the Ottomans sent heirs to the throne here (Manisa) to serve an apprenticeship as local governors, in order to ready them for the rigours of Istanbul palace life.“
- ↑ U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Su, Kamil. Manisa ve yöresinde işgal acıları. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 1982 — 26–87-bet.
- ↑ Ergül, Teoman. Kurtuluş Savaşında Manisa, 1919-1922. Manisa Kültür Sanat Kurumu, 1991 — 337-bet. „Daha acısı 3500 kişi ateşte yakılmak ve 855 kişi kurşunlanmak suretiyle öldürülmüştü. Üç yüz kızın ırzına geçilmişti. Sadece bir mahalleden 500 kişi götürülmüştü. Ölü veya diri oldukları hakkında bir bilgi alınamamiştır. (English) "The more painful, that 3500 people were burned to death and 855 people were shot dead. Three hundred girls were raped. From only one district, 500 people were taken away. Their fate was unknown."“
- ↑ Richardson, Terry. The Rough Guide to Turkey. Rough Guides UK, 2013. ISBN 9781409332473.
- ↑ Jayyusi, Salma Khadra. The City in the Islamic World. BRILL, 2008 — 469-bet. ISBN 9789004171688. „Murat III (1574–1595) donated his Muradiye to the town of Manisa, one of the two Anatolian seats of crown princes.“
- ↑ United States. Dept. of State. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, 3. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1866 — 311-bet. „this is a florishing city of about 35,000 inhabitants, about one-fourth of whom are Greeks and Armenians“
- ↑ Adams, Charles Kendall. Johnson's universal cyclopaedia, Volume 8. A.J. Johnson Co, 1895 — 310-bet.
- ↑ Clarke, Hyde. On the Supposed Extinction of the Turks and Increase of the Christians in Turkey. A paper read before the Statistical Society of London. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 1865 — 283-bet.
- ↑ M., Th. Houtsma. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5. BRILL, 1993 — 246-bet. ISBN 9789004097919.
- ↑ ÇAGRI, ERHAN (1999). "GREEK OCCUPATION OF IZMIR AND ADJOINING TERRITORIES REPORT OF THE INTER-ALLIED COMMISSION OF INQUIRY (MAY-SEPTEMBER 1919)". SAM PAPERS No. 2/99. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20140529105310/http://www.aegeancrisis.org/GreekOccupation.pdf. Qaraldi: 29 May 2014.Manisaning o'tlari]]