Isroil: Versiyalar orasidagi farq
Kontent oʻchirildi Kontent qoʻshildi
Teglar: Qaytarildi Koʻrib tahrirlagich |
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Qator 1:
{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up}}
'''Isroil''' ({{lang-he|יִשְׂרָאֵל}}, {{lang-ar|إسرائيل}}) — [[Yaqin Sharq]] oʻlkasida, [[Osiyo]]ning gʻarbiy qismida, [[Oʻrta dengiz]]ning janubi-sharqiy boʻyida joylashgan davlat. Asosiy va rasmiy maydoni 20 770 km{{sup|2}}<ref>[[BMT Bosh Assambleyasi]]ning 1947-yil 29-noyabr qarori bilan belgilangan hudud</ref>. Aholisi soni 2016-yilgi maʼlumotlarga koʻra 8 522 000 kishi. Poytaxti — [[Tel-Aviv]]. Asosiy iqtisodiy, siyosiy va madaniy markazi — [[Iyerusalim]] va [[Tel-Aviv]]. Rasmiy tillari — [[ivrit]] va [[arabcha]].
Qator 72:
==== Asos solinishi va dastlabki yillar ====
[[Fayl:Declaration of State of Israel 1948 1blue.jpg|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]] 1948-yil 14-mayda Isroil davlatining tuzilganini e'lon qilmoqda.]]
Britaniya Mandati yakunlanishidan bir kun oldin, 1948-yil 14-mayda Yahudiy Agentligi boshlig'i [[David Ben-Gurion]] "Isroil zaminida Isroil davlati deb nomlanuvchi yahudiylar davlati tuzilganini" e'lon qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Counsel to the President: A Memoir |year=1991 |author=Clifford, Clark |page=20}}</ref> Deklaratsiya matnida yangi davlat chegaralari o'rnida faqatgina ''[[Isroil|Eretz Israel]]'' ([[Ivrit tili|ivrit]]: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל; transl.: ''Erets Israel'') ya'ni Isroil zamini nomi ishlatilgan. Keyingi kuni, to'rt arab davlatlari - [[Misr]], [[Suriya]], [[Transiordaniya amirligi|Transiordaniya]] va [[Iroq]] — armiyalari sobiq Britaniya Falastin Mandati hududiga bostirib kirdi va 1948-yilgi Arab—Isroil urushi boshlanib ketdi. [[Yaman]], [[Marokash]], [[Saudiya Arabistoni]] va [[Sudan]] davlatlaridan harbiy qismlar urushga qo'shildi. Bosqindan maqsad yahudiy davlati yaratilishining oldini olish edi. Ba'zi arab davlatlari yetakchilari "yahudiylarni dengizga haydash" haqida so'zlashardi. Benny Morris fikricha, yahudiylar bostirib kirgan arab armiyalari ularni qatliom qilish niyatida ekanidan xavotir olishgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War. Yale University Press |author=Morris, Benny |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Arab davlatlari uyushmasi|Arab Ligasi]] esa bosqin tartibni tiklash va qon to'kilishini oldini olish maqsadida amalga oshirilgan edi.
Bir yillik to'qnashuvlardan keyin o't ochishni to'xtatish e'lon qilindi va Yashil chiziq deb nom chiqargan vaqtinchalik chegaralar belgilandi. Iordaniya keyinchalik [[Iordan daryosining Gʻarbiy sohili|G'arbiy sohil]] nomi bilan tanilgan hududni, jumladan Iyerusalimni, Misr esa [[Gʻazo sektori|G'azo sektorini]] egalladi. BMTga ko'ra 700,000 falastinlik arablar hududdan qochib chiqqan, yoki haydab chiqarilgan. Bu voqea arab tilida Nakba, yoki fojea deb ataladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |author=Morris, Benny |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |page=602}}</ref> 156,000 arablar esa o'z uylarida qolishdi va Isroilning arab fuqarolariga aylanishdi.
[[Fayl:Raising the Ink Flag at Umm Rashrash (Eilat).jpg|thumb|254x254px|1949-yil 10-mart kuni, 1948-yilgi urush yakunida, Isroil bayrog'i ko'tarilmoqda]]
1949-yil 11-may kuni Isroil BMT a'zosi sifatida qabul qilindi. Isroil va Iordaniya orasida kelishuvga urinish bo'ldi, lekin Misrning reaksiyasdan xavotir olgan Britaniya hukumati Iordaniya hukumatiga o'z qarshiligini bildirganidan keyin bu shartnoma ham bekor bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism |author=William Roger Louis |year=1984 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-822960-5 |quote=The transcript makes it clear that British policy acted as a brake on Jordan. "King Abdullah was personally anxious to come to agreement with Israel", Kirkbride stated, "and in fact it was our restraining influence which had so far prevented him from doing so". Knox Helm confirmed that the Israelis hoped to have a settlement with Jordan, and that they now genuinely wished to live peacefully within their frontiers, if only for economic reasons. |page=579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PAPA579}}</ref> Davlatning dastlabki yillarida David Ben-Gurion yetakchiligidagi Mehkatkash Sionist partiyasi mamlakat siyosatida hukmron mavqega ega edi.
Qator 84 ⟶ 85:
==== Arab-Isroil nizosi ====
1950-yillarda Isroil Falastinlik jangarilarning ko'plab hujumlariga uchradi va hujumlar asosan Misr qo'li ostidagi G'azo sektoridan asosan tinch fuqarolarga nisbatan uyushtirildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=(). The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict (). . ISBN . |author=Gilbert, Martin |year=2005 |edition=8th ed. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35900-9 |page=58}}</ref> Bu esa Isroilning bir necha qarshi hujumlariga sabab bo'ldi. 1956-yilda Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya Misr hukumati tomonidan milliylashtirilgan [[Suvaysh kanali|Suvaysh kanal]]<nowiki/>i ustidan nazoratni qayta o'rnatishga urinib ko'rishdi. Suvaysh kanali va Tiran bo'g'ozining Isroil kemalari uchun blokada qilinishi, qolaversa Falastinlik jangarilarning janubdagi tinch aholiga hujumi va Arab davlatlarining tahdidlari birgalikda Isroilning Misrga hujum qilishiga sabab bo'ldi. Isroil sirli ravishda Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya bilan ittifoq tuzdi va Suvaysh inqirozi paytida Sinay yarimorolini egalladi. Lekin BMT bosimi bilan, Isroil kemalari uchun kanalning ochilishi kafolat berilishi evaziga qo'shinlarini nizoli hududlardan olib chiqib ketdi. Urush Isroil chegaralari buzilishining qisqarishiga olib keldi.
[[Fayl:1961-04-13 Tale Of Century - Eichmann Tried For War Crimes.ogv|thumb|Adolf Eichmann sud jarayonidan lavha. AQSH axborot xizmati tasviri]]
1960-yillar boshida natsist urush jinoyatchisi Adolf Eichmann [[Argentina|Argentinada]] Isroil maxfiy xizmatlari tomonidan qo'lga tushirildi va sud uchun Isroilga keltirildi. Eichmann Isroil hududida Isroil fuqarolik sudi tomonidan o'limga hukm qilingan yagona insonligicha qolmoqda. 1963-yil bahor va yozida Isroil yadroviy dasturi AQSH va Isroil orasidagi diplomatik munosabatlarning sovuqlashishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Cohen |first=Avner |date=2019 |title=How a Standoff with the U.S. Almost Blew up Israel's Nuclear Program |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-05-03/ty-article-magazine/.premium/how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israels-nuclear-program/0000017f-e2f7-df7c-a5ff-e2ffc00d0000}}</ref>
1964-yildan buyon Isroilning [[Iordan (daryo)|Iordan daryosi]] suvlarini qirg'oqbo'yi tekisliklariga burishidan xavotir olgan Arab davlatlari Isroilni suv resurslaridan quruq qoldirish maqsadida daryo suvlari boshlanish nuqtalarini boshqa tomonga burishga urinishdi va bu bir tomonda Isroil va ikkinchi tomonda Suriya va [[Livan]] o'rtasida kelishmovchiliklarga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East |author=Richard B. Parker |page=38 |publisher=Indiana University Press}}</ref> Misr prezidenti [[Jamol Abdul Nosir]] boshchiligida arab millatchilari Isroil mustaqilligini tan olishdan bosh tortishdi va uni vayron qilishga chaqirishdi.1966-yilga kelib munosabatlar shunchalar sovuqlashgan ediki, Isroil va Arab davlatlari harbiylari orasida to'qnashuvlar kelib chiqishi boshlangandi.
[[Fayl:Six Day War Territories.svg|thumb|1967-yilda "6 kunlik urush" oqibatida Isroil egallagan hududlar ]]
1967-yil may oyida Misr o'z armiyasini Isroil chegarasiga to'pladi, 1957-yildan buyon [[Sinay yarim oroli|Sinay yarimoroliga]] joylashtirilgan BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlarini mamlakatdan haydab chiqardi va Isroilning [[Qizil dengiz|Qizil dengizga]] chiqish yo'lini to'sib qo'ydi. Isroil esa bu xatti-harakatlarni casus belli sifatida qabul qildi va 5-iyun kuni Misrga qarshi oldini oluvchi hujum boshladi. Iordaniya, Suriya va Iroq Isroilga hujum boshladi. Olti kunlik urush nomi bilan tanilgan to'qnashuvda Isroil Iordan daryosining G'arbiy qirg'og'ini Iordaniyadan, G'azo sektori va Sinay yarimorolini Misrdan va [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklarini]] Suriyadan tortib oldi va egalladi. Iyerusalim chegaralari kengaytirilib, unga Sharqiy Iyerusalim ham qo'shildi va 1949-yilgi Yashil chiziq Isroil va egallangan hududlar o'rtasida chegara etib belgilandi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Shlay |first=Anne B. |last2=Rosen |first2=Gillad |date=2010 |title=Making Place: The Shifting Green Line and the Development of "Greater" Metropolitan Jerusalem |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01344.x |magazine=City & Community |volume=9 (4) |pages=358–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01344.x |issn=1535-6841}}</ref>
1967-yilgi urush va Arab ligasining "Uchta yo'q" qaroridan keyin Isroil Sinay yarimorolida 1967-1970-yillarda misrliklar hujumiga, egallangan hududlarda falastinlik guruhlarning isroilliklariga hujumiga duch keldi. Turli falastinlik va arab guruhlari orasida 1964-yilda tashkil etilgan va dastlab o'zini "vatanni himoya qilishning yagona yo'li sifatida qurolli qarshilikni" tanlagan guruh sifatida tanishtirgan [[Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti|Falastin Ozodlik tashkiloti]] eng muhimi edi. 1960-yillar oxiri va 1970-yillar boshida falastinlik guruhlar butun dunyo bo'ylab Isroillik va yahudiy manzillarga hujumlar uyushtirishdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures |author=Silke, Andrew |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-8273-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSpfNJQ4CbAC&q=palestinian+terror+1970s&pg=PA149}}</ref> Bunga misol sifatida 1972-yilgi [[1972-yilgi Yozgi Olimpiada oʻyinlari medallar jadvali|Myunxen yozgi olimpiadasida]] Isroillik sportchilarning qatliom qilinishini keltirish mumkin. Isroil hukumati esa bunga qatliom tashkilotchilarini o'ldirish kampaniyasini uyushtirish, Livandagi FOT shtabiga reyd uyushtirish va uni portlatish bilan javob berdi.
1973-yil 6-oktyabr kuni [[Misr]] va [[Suriya]] armiyalari [[Sinay yarim oroli|Sinay yarimoroli]] va [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklarida]] Isroil armiyasiga qarshi kutilmagan hujum uyushtirishdi va bu Yom Kippur urushiga sabab bo'ldi. 25-oktyabrda urush tugadi va tahminan 20 kun davomida 35,000 kishi qurbon bo'lgan urushda Isroil 2,500 askarini yo'qotdi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2514000/2514317.stm |sarlavha=1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces". On This Day |sana=1973 |nashriyot=BBC News}}</ref> Ichki tekshiruvlar hukumatning urushdan oldingi va urush davridagi muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga javobgarlikdan xalos qildi, biroq jamoatchilik g'azabi Bosh vazir Golda Meir'ni istefoga chiqishga majburladi. 1976-yilda Isroildan [[Fransiya|Fransiyaga]] uchayotgan samolyot Falastinlik jangarilar tomonidan qo'lga olindi va Ugandadagi Entebbe xalqaro aeroportiga qo'ndirildi. Isroil kommandolari 106 isroillik asirdan 102 tasini qutqarishga erishdi.
=== Tinchlik jarayoni ===
1977-yilgi [[Knesset]] saylovlari oqibatida Mehnat partiyasi hokimiyatdan ketib, Menachem Begin boshchiligidagi [[Likud]] partiyasi hokimiyatga kelishi Isroil siyosiy tarixidagi muhim burilish nuqtasi bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg |quote=In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point ... |page=169-170}}</ref> Shu yil oxirida Misr prezidenti [[Anvar Sadat]] Isroilga tashrif buyurdi va Sadatning Knessetda nuqt so'zlashi Isroilning birinchi arab davlati rahbari tomonidan tan olinishini bildirar edi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up |page=171-174}}</ref> Sadat va Begin 1978-yilda Camp David shartnomasini va 1979-yilda Misr-Isroil tinchlik shartnomasini tuzishdi.<ref name=":13">{{Kitob manbasi |title=(). A History of Israel. . ISBN . |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |page=186-187}}</ref> Evaziga Isroil Sinaydan qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi va [[Iordan daryosining Gʻarbiy sohili|G'arbiy Sohil]] hamda [[Gʻazo sektori|G'azo sektoridagi]] falastinliklarning muxtoriyati masalasi bo'yicha kelishuvlarga kirishdi.<ref name=":13" />
1978-yil 11-mart kuni [[Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti|FOT]] partizanlarining [[Livan|Livandan]] Isroilga bostirib kirishi Qirg'oqbo'yi qatliomiga sabab bo'ldi. Isroil esa Janubiy Livanga bostirib kirib, FOT bazalarini yakson qilish bilan javob qaytardi. Ko'pchilik FOT askarlari qochib ketishdi, biroq Isroil BMT qo'shinlari va Livan armiyasi nazoratni qo'lga olgancha Livan janubini barqaror saqlab turishga erishdi. FOT tez orada o'zining Isroilga qarshi partizanlar urushini davom ettira boshladi. Keyingi bir necha yil davomida FOT janubga kirib keldi va chegara bo'ylab tarqoq [[artilleriya]] zarbalarini berishda davom etdi. Isroil ham bir necha hujumlar bilan javob qaytardi.
Orada Begin hukumati G'arbiy Sohilga isroilliklarning ko'chib kirishi va yerlarni egallashi uchun rag'bat yaratish orqali shu joyda falastinliklar bilan munosabatlar keskinlashishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A history of the modern Middle East |author=Cleveland, William L. |year=1999 |publisher=Westview Press |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/356/mode/2up |page=356 |isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9}}</ref> 1980-yilda qabul qilingan "[[Iyerusalim]] to'g'risidagi qonun" ba'zilar fikricha 1967-yilgi Isroilning shaharni qo'shib olish to'g'risidagi qarorini mustahkamladi va shaharning maqomi bo'yicha xalqaro munozaralarni yanada keskinlashtirdi. Zero, hech bir qonun Isroil hududini aniq belgilamagan va hech qanday bo'lim orqali Sharqiy Iyerusalim unga kiritilgan edi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Lustick |first=Ian |date=1997 |title=Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem? |magazine=Middle East Policy |volume=V (1) |page=34–45 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x |issn=1061-1924 |oclc=4651987544}}</ref> 1981-yilda Isroil amalda [[Golan tepaligi|Golan tepaliklarini]] o'ziga qo'shib oldi. Xalqaro hamjamiyat ushbu xatti-harakatlarni inkor etdi va [[BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi|BMT Xavfsizlik kengashi]] Iyerusalim to'g'risidagi qonunni ham, Golan tepaliklari to'g'risidagi qonunni ham bekor deb e'lon qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |author=Hillier, T. |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-35366-7 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=DmuPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Fluctuating Borders: Speculations about Memory and Emergence |author=Monacella, R.; Ware, S.A. |year=2007 |publisher=RMIT University Press |isbn=978-1-921166-48-8 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=q7r4wd57FqIC&pg=RA1-PA62&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> 1980-yillardan buyon bir necha yahudiy immigrantlari to'lqini Isroilga keldi va 1990-1994-yillar oralig'ida post-Sovet davlatlari hududidan kelgan immigrantlar oqimi Isroil aholisini 12% ga oshishiga sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Friedberg |first=Rachel M. |date=2001 |title=The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market |magazine=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=116 (4) |page=1373–1408 |doi=10.1162/003355301753265606}}</ref>
1981-yil 7-iyunda, [[Eron-Iroq urushi]] davrida, [[Iroq|Iroqning]] yadro qurollari dasturiga to'sqinlik qilish maqsadida Isroil harbiy xavo kuchlari Iroqning [[Bagʻdod|Bag'dod]] tashqarisida qurilayotgan yagona yadro reaktorini yakson qildi. 1982-yildagi bir necha [[Falastin ozodlik tashkiloti|FOT]] hujumlaridan keyin Isroil Livanga bostirib kirdi va FOT bazalarini yakson qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up |page=199}}</ref> Urushning dastlabki olti kunida Isroil FOT harbiy kuchlarini yengib, Suriya kuchlarini batamom yakson qildi. Keyinchalik Isroil hukumati tomonidan o'tkazilgan Kahan komissiyasi Begin va bir necha Isroil generallarini Sabra va Shatila qatliomlari uchun bilvosita javobgar, Mudofaa vaziri [[Ariel Sharon|Ariel Sharonni]] esa "shaxsan javobgar" deb topdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Israel's Lebanon War |author=Schiff, Ze'ev; Ehud, Yaari |year=1984 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=284 |isbn=978-0-671-47991-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelslebanonwa0000schi}}</ref> Sharon iste'foga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Begin: The Haunted Prophet |author=Silver, Eric |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |page=239 |isbn=978-0-394-52826-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/beginhauntedprop00silv}}</ref> 1985-yilda Isroil [[Kipr Respublikasi|Kiprdagi]] falastinlik terroristlar hujumiga [[Tunis|Tunisdagi]] FOT shtabini portlatish orqali javob qaytardi. Isroil 1986-yilda Livanning asosiy qismidan chiqib ketdi, biroq 2000-yilga qadar Janubiy Livanda chegara buffer zonasini ushlab turdi va shu yerdan turib Isroil qo'shinlari [[Hizbulloh]] jangarilari bilan to'qnashuvlarga kirishdi.1987-yilda falastinliklarning Isroil hokimiyatiga qarshi birinchi qo'zg'oloni - Birinchi Intifoda - sodir bo'ldi va G'arbiy Sohil hamda G'azo sektorining turli qismlarida namoyishlar va qon to'kilish holatlari yuz berdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |author=Tessler, Mark A. |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=677 |isbn=978-0-253-20873-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0}}</ref> Keyingi olti yil davomida Intifoda qayta tashkillanib, Isroil okkupatsiyasiga barham berish uchun iqtisodiy va madaniy choralarni ham ko'ra boshladi. 1991-yildagi [[Koʻrfaz urushi|Ko'rfaz urushida]] FOT [[Saddam Husayn|Saddam Husaynni]] va Isroilga qarshi Iroq raketa hujumlarini qo'lladi. Jamoatchilik g'azabiga qaramasdan, Isroil [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|AQSHning]] undovlariga ko'nib, qayta zarba berishdan o'zini tiydi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Haberman |first=Clyde |date=09.12.1991 |title=After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/09/world/after-4-years-intifada-still-smolders.html}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf — A Global Perspective |author=Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-1610-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofimageme0000unse |page=111}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Foreign Min. Peres and King Hussein.jpg|thumb|[[Shimon Peres]] (chapda) va [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (markazda) Iordaniya qiroli Hussayn (o'ngda) bilan 1994-yilgi Isroil-Iordaniya tinchlik bitimini imzolash oldidan]]
1992-yilda [[Yitzhak Rabin]] Bosh vazir etib saylandi va uning partiyasi saylov dasturlaridan biri sifatida Isroilning qo'shnilari bilan aloqalarni yaxshilashni ilgari surgan edi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |page=236 |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up}}</ref> Keyingi yili Isroil tomonidan Shimon Peres va FOT tomonidan [[Mahmud Abbos]] [[Oslo kelishuvi|Oslo shartnomasi]]<nowiki/>ga imzo qo'yishdi va shu orqali Falastin muxtoriyati G'arbiy Sohilning muayyan qismlarini va G'azo sektorini boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. FOT shuningdek Isroilning mavjudlikka bo'lgan huquqini tan oldi va terrorizmga yakun yasashga va'da berdi. 1994-yilda Isroil-[[Iordaniya]] Tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi va Iordaniya Isroil bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilagan ikkinchi arab davlatiga aylandi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Warfare and the Third World |author=Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-24012-7 |year=2001 |page=270 |quote=Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel ...}}</ref> Isroilliklarning falastinliklar yeriga ko'chib o'tishining davom etishi, shuningdek mamlakatda falastinliklar uchun iqtisodiy sharoitning og'irlashishi shartnomaga nisbatan ko'rsatilgan arab jamoatchiligining qo'llab-quvvatlashlariga to'sqinlik qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Negotiating Arab-Israeli peace: American leadership in the Middle East |author=Kurtzer, Daniel; Lasensky, Scott |year=2008 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace Press |page=44 |isbn=978-1-60127-030-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/negotiatingarabi0000kurt/page/44/mode/2up}}</ref> Falastinlik [[Oʻzini oʻldirish|xudkushlarning]] hujumlari shartnomaga isroilliklarning ham qo'llab-quvvatlashini kamaytirdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A history of the modern Middle East |author=Cleveland, William L. |year=1999 |publisher=Westview Press |page=494 |isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/494/mode/2up}}</ref> 1995-yilda Yigal Amir - shartnomaga qarshi bo'lgan radikal yahudiy - Yitzhak Rabinni otib o'ldirdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=12.11.2005 |title=Israel marks Rabin assassination |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4431728.stm |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>
[[Benyamin Netanyahu|Benjamin Netanyahuning]] 1990-yillar oxiridagi Bosh vazirligi davrida Hebrondan chiqib ketishga rozi bo'ldi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=A History of Israel |author=Bregman, Ahron |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-67631-8 |page=257 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg/page/n11/mode/2up}}</ref> (lekin bu ratifikatsiya qilinmadi va amalga oshmadi)<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Røislien |first=Hanne Eggen |date=2007 |title=Living with Contradiction: Examining the Worldview of the Jewish Settlers in Hebron |magazine=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |volume=Vol.1 |issue=(2) |page=169–184}}</ref> va Falastin Milliy muxtoriyatiga yanada keng ko'lamli mustaqillik berishni ko'zlovchi Wye River Memorandumini imzoladi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/nea/981023_interim_agmt.html |sarlavha=The Wye River Memorandum |muallif=U.S. Department of State |yil=23.10.1998}}</ref>1999-yilda Ehud Barak Bosh vazir etib saylandi va mamlakat qo'shinlarini Janubiy Livandan olib chiqib ketdi hamda 2000-yilgi Camp David sammitida PMM Raisi [[Yosir Arafot]] va AQSH Prezidenti [[Bill Clinton]] bilan kelishuvlarni boshladi. Barak Falastin davlati tuzilishi va unga G'azo sektori to'lig'icha va G'arbiy Sohilning 90% dan oshig'i kiritilishiga rozilik berishini, evaziga [[Iyerusalim]] umumiy poytaxt bo'lishini taklif qildi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |author=Gelvin, James L. |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85289-0 |page=240}}</ref> Kelishuvlar muvaffaqiyatsiz chiqdi va bunga har ikki tomon bir-birini aybladi.
=== XXI asr ===
2000-yil oxirida Ariel Sharonning Ibodatxona tepasiga tashrifidan so'ng Ikkinchi Intifoda boshlandi. To'rt yarim yil davom etgan qo'zg'olonlarda xudkushlik hujumlari tez-tez sodir bo'ldi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Sela-Shayovitz |first=R. |date=2007 |title=Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations |magazine=International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) |volume=1(2) |pages=163 |quote=The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront}}</ref> Ba'zi tahlilchilar kelishuvlar barbod bo'lishidan keyin Intifoda [[Yosir Arafot|Arafot]] tomonidan oldindan rejalashtirilgan deb hisoblashadi.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Gross |first=Tom |date=2014 |title=The big myth: that he caused the Second Intifada |magazine=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Hong |first=Nicole |date=23.02.2015 |title=Jury Finds Palestinian Authority, PLO Liable for Terrorist Attacks in Israel a Decade Ago |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jury-finds-palestinian-authority-plo-liable-for-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-a-decade-ago-1424715529}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Ain |first=Stewart |date=20.12.2000 |title=PA: Intifada Was Planned |work=The Jewish Week}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Samuels |first=David |date=01.09.2005 |title=In a Ruined Country |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/in-a-ruined-country/304167/}}</ref> 2001-yilgi saylovlar natijasida Sharon Bosh vazir bo'ldi va o'zining G'azo sektoridan batamom chiqib ketish va Isroil-G'arbiy Sohil devorini qurish rejasini davom ettirdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=29.07.2012 |title=West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2 |work=USA Today}}</ref> Bu esa Intifodaning yakunlanishiga olib keldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Harel |first=Amos |last2=Issacharoff |first2=Avi |date=01.10.2010 |title=Years of rage |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2010-10-01/ty-article/years-of-rage/0000017f-f816-d47e-a37f-f93ef36c0000}}</ref> 2000-2008-yillar oralig'ida 1,063 isroillik, 4,907 falastinlik hamda 64 horijlik kishilar halok bo'lgan.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Fatalities before Operation "Cast Lead" |work=B'Tselem |url=https://statistics.btselem.org/en/stats/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-incident?section=foreign&tab=overview |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Rocket Attacks fired at Israel from the Gaza Strip by year.png|thumb|2001-2021-yillar oralig'ida [[Gʻazo sektori|G'azo sektoridan]] Isroilga qarata raketa hujumlari soni (inglizcha)]]
2006-yilda [[Hizbulloh]] jangarilarining Isroil shimoliy chegara hududlariga artilleriya zarbasini berishi va ikki Isroil askarlarini asir olib chegaradan nariga o'tkazib ketishlari bir oy davom etgan Ikkinchi Livan urushiga olib keldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Harel |first=Amos |date=13.07.2006 |title=Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2006-07-13/ty-article/hezbollah-kills-8-soldiers-kidnaps-two-in-offensive-on-northern-border/0000017f-e140-d38f-a57f-e752f7eb0000 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> 2007-yilda Isroil harbiy xavo kuchlari [[Suriya|Suriyada]] yadro reaktorini yakson qildi. 2008-yilda Hamas va Isroil orasidagi o't ochishni to'xtatish kelishuvlari barbod bo'ldi. 2008-2009-yilgi G'azo urushi uch hafta davom etdi va Isroilning bir tomonlama o't ochishni to'xtatishini e'lon qilganidan keyin yakunlandi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Koutsoukis |first=Jason |date=05.01.2009 |title=Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/battleground-gaza-israeli-ground-forces-invade-the-strip-20090105-gdt8n7.html |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=18.01.2009 |title=IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2009-01-18/ty-article/idf-begins-gaza-troop-withdrawal-hours-after-ending-3-week-offensive/0000017f-f51a-d47e-a37f-fd3e9e310000 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> Hamas o'zining o't ochishini to'xtatishini e'lon qildi va o'zining butkul chekinishi va chegara postlarini ochishi shartlarini e'lon qildi. Hamas raketa hujumlari va Isroilning javob hujumlari batamom to'xtamagan bo'lsada, nozik o't ochishni to'xtatish kelishuvlari saqlanib qoldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |date=01.01.2009 |title=Two IDF soldiers, civilian lightly hurt as Gaza mortars hit Negev |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2009-01-01/ty-article/two-idf-soldiers-civilian-lightly-hurt-as-gaza-mortars-hit-negev/0000017f-f00f-d487-abff-f3ff43950000 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> Isroil janubiga Hamas tomonidan otilgan yuzdan ortiq raketa hujumlariga<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Lappin |first=Yaakov |last2=Lazaroff |first2=Tovah |date=12.11.2012 |title=Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Defense/Gaza-groups-pound-Israel-with-over-100-rockets |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> javoban Isroil 2012-yilda G'azo sektorida operatsiya boshladi va bu sakkiz kun davom etdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=20.11.2012 |title=UN rights boss, Red Cross urge Israel, Hamas to spare civilians |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/palestinians-israel-humanitarian-idUSL5E8MK6MG20121120/ |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> 2014-yilda Hamas tomonidan raketa hujumlariga javoban Isroil G'azoda yana bir operatsiya boshladi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> 2021-yil may oyida G'azo va Isroil orasida yana bir to'qnashuv sodir bo'ldi va 11 kun davom etdi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Israel and Hamas agree Gaza truce, Biden pledges assistance |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-official-predicts-ceasefire-soon-israel-gaza-fight-goes-2021-05-19/ |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>
2010-yillarga kelib Isroil va [[Arab davlatlari uyushmasi|Arab Ligasi]] davlatlari orasida hamkorlik aloqalari o'rnatildi va bu 2020-yilda Abraham shartnomasining imzolanishiga sabab bo'ldi. Isroilning mudofaa siyosatining diqqati an'anaviy Arab-Isroil nizosidan [[Eron]]-Isroil maxfiy nizosiga qaratildi va 2011-yilgi Suriya fuqarolar urushi davrida Eron bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'qnashuvlar sodir bo'ldi. 2023-yil 7-oktyabr kuni G'azolik falastin jangari guruhlari Isroilga qarata bir necha koordinatsiyalashtirilgan hujumlar uyushtirdi va bu [[Isroil–Hamas urushi|2023-yilda Isroil-Hamas urushiga]] sabab bo'ldi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Martínez |first=Andrés R. |last2=Bubola |first2=Emma |date=10.10.2023 |title=What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-gaza-hamas-what-we-know.html |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref> O'sha kuni musiqa festivaliga qatnashayotgan, G'azo yaqinidagi yashovchi asosan tinch fuqarolar bo'lgan 1,300 isroilliklar o'ldirildi. Keksalar, ayollar va 9 oylikgacha yoshdagi bolalardan iborat 200 dan ortiq asirlar o'g'rilanib, G'azo ichiga olib kirib ketildi.<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gillett |first=Francesca |date=08.10.2023 |title=How an Israel music festival turned into a nightmare after Hamas attack |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Borschel-Dan |first=Amanda |date=07.10.2023 |title=Thousands flee rocket and gunfire at all-night desert 'Nature Party'; dozens missing |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-rocket-and-gunfire-at-all-night-desert-nature-party-dozens-missing/ |access-date=17.04.2024}}</ref>
Isroil — 1949-yildan [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|BMT]] aʼzosi.
Asosiy siyosiy partiyalari, kasaba uyushmalari. „Avoda“ („Mehnat“) sotsialistik partiyasi, 1968-yilda tuzilgan;
== Iqtisodiyoti ==
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