Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinna (Urdu talaffuzi: [moɦəmːəd̪ əliː d͡ʒɪnːɑːɦ], Gujarati talaffuzi: [məɦ(ə)məd̪ əli d͡ʒʱiɽ̃ɑ]; tug'ilgan Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 1876 yil - 25-dekabr - 1948-yil 11-sentabr) huquqshunos, siyosatchi va Pokiston asoschisi [1] Jinna 1913-yildan 1947-yil 14-avgustda Pokiston tashkil etilgunga qadar Butun Hindiston musulmonlar ligasining rahbari, soʻngra vafotigacha Pokistonning birinchi general-gubernatori boʻlib ishlagan. Pokistonda uni Quaid-i-Azam ("Buyuk Rahbar") va Baba-i-Qaum (" Xalq otasi ") sifatida hurmat qilishadi. Uning tug'ilgan kuni Pokistonda milliy bayram sifatida nishonlanadi.
| Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari | |
|---|---|
| Siyosiy partiyasi | Muslim League (1947–1948) |
| Munosabatlari | See Jinnah family |
Karachi shahridagi Vazir saroyida tug'ilgan Jinna Angliyaning London shahridagi Linkoln's Inn'da advokat sifatida o'qitilgan. Hindistonga qaytib kelgach, u Bombey Oliy sudiga ishga kirdi va milliy siyosatga qiziqdi, bu uning yuridik faoliyatini siyosat bilan almashtirdi. Jinna XX asrning dastlabki yigirma yilligida Hindiston Milliy Kongressida mashhurlikka erishdi. Siyosiy karyerasining dastlabki yillarida Jinna hind-musulmon birligini yoqlab, Kongress va Butun Hindiston musulmon ligasi oʻrtasida 1916-yilda Lakxnau paktini shakllantirishga yordam berdi, bunda Jinna ham mashhur bo'ldi. Jinna Butun Hindistonda uy boshqaruvi ligasida asosiy yetakchiga aylandi va Hindiston yarimorolidagi musulmonlarning siyosiy huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun o‘n to‘rt banddan iborat konstitutsiyaviy islohot rejasini taklif qildi. Biroq, 1920-yilda Jinna Kongressdan iste'foga chiqdi va u siyosiy anarxiya deb hisoblagan satyagraxa kampaniyasini kuzatishga rozi bo'ldi.
1940-yilga kelib, Jinna subkontinent musulmonlari mustaqil hind-musulmon davlatida qo'lga kiritishlari mumkin bo'lgan chegaralangan maqomdan qochish uchun o'z davlatiga ega bo'lishi kerakligiga ishondi. O'sha yili Jinna boshchiligidagi Musulmonlar Ligasi hind musulmonlari uchun alohida millat bo'lishini talab qilib, Lahor rezolyutsiyasini qabul qildi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida Kongress yetakchilari qamoqqa tashlangan paytda Liga kuchaydi va urushdan ko‘p o‘tmay o‘tkazilgan viloyat saylovlarida musulmonlar uchun ajratilgan o‘rinlarning ko‘pini qo‘lga kiritdi. Oxir-oqibat, Kongress va Musulmonlar Ligasi butun Britaniya Hindistonining mustaqillikka erishgandan so'ng yagona davlat sifatida birlashishiga imkon beradigan hokimiyatni taqsimlash formulasiga erisha olmadi.
Meros
tahrir
Iqtiboslar
tahrir
Manbalar
tahrir- Ahmed, Akbar S.. Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 978-1-134-75022-1.
- Bolith, Hector. Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan. London: John Murray, 1954. OCLC 1001456192.
- Cohen, Stephen Philip. The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0.
- Gandhi, Rajmohan. Patel: A Life. Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1990.
- Hibbard, Scott. Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8018-9669-9.
- Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, paperback, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45850-4.
- Jinnah, Fatima. My Brother. Quaid-i-Azam Academy, 1987. ISBN 978-9694130361.
- Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, paperback, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3.
- Malik, Iftikar H.. The History of Pakistan, The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-313-34137-3.
- Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz. Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9.
- Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand". Modern Asian Studies 17 (4): 529–561. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00011069. https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1983-10_17_4/page/529.
- Puri, Balraj (7 March 2008). "Clues to understanding Jinnah". Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay: Sameeksha Trust) 43 (9): 33–35.
- Read, Anthony. The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. ISBN 978-0-393-04594-9.
- Singh, Jaswant. Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-547927-0. OCLC 611042665.
- Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7.