Sharqiy Osiyo tillari

Sharqiy Osiyo tillari 2001-yilda Stanley Starosta tomonidan taklif qilingan til oilasi (muqobil ravishda makrofamily yoki superphylum) guruhini tashkil qiluvchi tillar jamoasi. Bu taklif George van Driem tomonidan qabul qilingan.

Tasniflar tahrir

Dastlabki takliflar tahrir

Sharqiy Osiyo tillari oilasining turli xil tasniflari ishlab chiqilgan. Quyida bu oilaga kiruvchi tillarning dastlabki tasniflanishi keltirilgan:

Avstroosiyo, Austronesian , Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman : August Conrady (1916, 1922)^[1]^[2] va Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)^[3]^[4] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
Avstroosiyo, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien : Paul K. Benedict (1942)^[5], Robert Blust (1996)^[6], Ilia Peiros (1998)^[7] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
Avstriya-Osiyo, Avstroneziya, Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman, Xmong-Mien : Stanley Starosta (2001) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.

Sharqiy Osiyo taklifining prekursorlari:

Avstriya-Tai (Kra-Dai va Avstroneziya): Gustave Shlegel (1901, 1902),^[8]^[9] Weera Ostapirat (2005)^[10]
Avstriya (Avstroosiyo va Avstroneziya): Wilhelm Schmidt (1906)^[11] va Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif^[12]^[13].

Starosta (2005) tahrir

Peiligang madaniyatining joylashuvi

Stanley Starostaning (2005)^[14] Sharqiy Osiyo til oilalari taklifi Sharqiy Osiyo superphylumini shakllantirish uchun Avstroosiyo va Hmong-Miendan iborat „Yangzian“ filialini oʻz ichiga oladi. Biroq, Starosta oʻzi taklif qilgan Yangzianni avstroneziya tili emas, balki Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri qardosh deb hisoblaydi, bu Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzianning qardoshi sifatida Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan uzoqroq bogʻliq. Uning xulosasiga koʻra, proto-Sharqiy Osiyo eramizdan avvalgi 6500—6000-yillarda Shimoliy Xitoy tekisligidagi (xususan Han daryosi, Wei daryosi va markaziy Sariq daryosi hududlari) Peiligang madaniyati va Cishan madaniyati dehqon jamoalari tomonidan soʻzlashilgan til hisoblanadi^[15].

Sharqiy Osiyo
- avstroneziya
  - (turli xil Formosan filiallari)
  - Ekstra-Formosan
    - Tai-Kaday
    - Malayo-Polineziya
- Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzian
  - Xitoy-Tibet
  - Yangzian
    - avstroasiatik
    - Hmong-Mien

Starosta (2005) quyidagi Proto-Sharqiy Osiyo morfologik affikslarini taklif qiladi, ular Proto-Tibet-Burman va Proto- Austroneziya tillarida, shuningdek, Nikobarik kabi baʼzi morfologik konservativ avstroasiatik tarmoqlarda uchraydi^[16].

*m (V) — „V-ing agenti“
*-Vn „V-ing bemori“
*sV- „V-ing asbobi“
* n (V) — „mukammal“

van Driem (2012) tahrir

Sharqiy Osiyo til oilasining quyidagi daraxti (makrofamily) George van Driem tomonidan 2012-yilda Benaras Hindu universitetida oʻtkazilgan 18-Himoloy tillari simpoziumida taklif qilingan.

Sharqiy Osiyo
- Avstriya-Tai
  - Kradai
  - avstroneziya
- avstroasiatik
- Himoloy-Yangtzean
  - Trans-Himoloy
    - Xitoy-Bodic
    - Burmo-Qianjic
    - Brahmaputran
    - Gongduk va boshqalar.
    - Kiranti va boshqalar.
  - Yantzean
    - Hmong-Mien

Janubiy Xitoy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodan kengayib boradigan bazal O-M175 ning zamonaviy tarqalishi.

Van Driemning soʻzlariga koʻra, Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun lingvistik dalillar Y-DNK Haplogroup O dan olingan genetik dalillarga mos keladi. (Qoʻshimcha maʼlumot: Ota tili gipotezasi)

Larish (2006, 2017) tahrir

Michael D. Larishning fikricha, Janubi-Sharqiy va Sharqiy Osiyo tillari bir proto-tildan (u „proto-osiyo“ deb ataydi) kelib chiqqan. Yapon tili koreys tili bilan birga proto-osiyo oilasining bir tarmogʻi sifatida guruhlangan. Boshqa tarmoq avstroneziya, avstroasiatik, kra-dai, Hmong-mien va xitoy-tibet tillaridan iborat^[17]^[18].

Sharqiy Osiyo
- Yapon-Koreys
  - yaponcha
  - koreyscha
- Avstriya-Osiyo
  - avstroneziya
  - avstroasiatik
  - Kra-Dai
  - Hmong-Mien
  - Xitoy-Tibet

Lugʻatni taqqoslash tahrir

Quyida Sharqiy Osiyodagi barcha 5 til oilasining proto-tillari uchun asosiy lugʻat elementlarini taqqoslash keltirilgan.; Manbalar

Proto-Tibet- Burman: Matisoff (2015)
Proto-Hmong-Mien : Ratliff (2010)^[19]
Proto-Avstroosiyo : Sidvell va Rau (2015)^[20]
Proto- Astroneziya: Blust & Trussel (2020)^[21]
Proto-Tai : Pittayaporn (2009)^[22]
Proto-Hlai : Norquest (2007)
Proto-Kra : Ostapirat (2000)

	Xitoy-Tibetan	Hmong-Mien	Avstroosiyo	Austroneziya	Kra-Dai
Soʻzlar	Proto-Tibet-Burman	Proto-Hmong-Mien	Proto-Avstroosiyo	Proto-Austroneziya	Proto-Tai	Proto-Hlai	Proto-Kra
soch	*(t)sam	*pljei	suk, sɔːk	*bukeS	*prɤm^A	*hnom	*m-səm^A
koʻz	*s-myak	*mu̯ɛjH	*mat	*maCa	*p.taː^A	*tʃʰaː	*m-ʈa^A
quloq	*r/g-na	*mbræu	*-toːr	*Caliŋa	*krwɯː^A	*ljəy	*k-ra^A
burun	s-na ~ s-naːr	*mbruiH	mɔːh, muːh, *muːs	*ujuŋ	*ɗaŋ^A	*kʰət	*hŋət^D
tish	*s/p-wa	*hmjinʔ	lmVɲ, sraŋ, *p (i)əŋ	lipen, n/ŋipen	*wan^A	*fjən	*l-pən^A
tomoq	m/s-lay ~ s-ley	*mblet	*lntaːk	Sema, lidam	*liːn^C	*hliːnʔ	*l-ma^A
qoʻl	lak ~ C-yak	*-bɔuʔ	*tiːʔ	*kamay	*mwɯː^A	*C-mɯː	*mja^A
suyuk	*s/m/g-rus	*tshuŋʔ	*cʔaːŋ	*CuqelaN	*C̥.duk^D	*Cuɾɯːk	*dək^D
qon	*s-hywəy-t	*ntshjamʔ	saːm, ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm	*daRaq	*lɯət^D	*alaːc	*plat^D
fuqaro	*m-sin	*-hri̯ən	kləːm, ris	*qaCay	*tap^D	*ɗəy	*təp^D
goʻsht	*sya-n	P-Mienic *ʔa^B	*sac	*Sesi	*n.mɤː^C	*rəmʔ	*ʔaɯ^C
it	*d-kʷəy-n	P-Hmongic *hmaŋ^C	*cɔːʔ	*asu	*ʰmaː^A	*hmaː	*x-ma^A
qush	*s-ŋak	*m-nɔk	ciːm, ceːm	*manuk 'chickenʼ	*C̬.nok^D	*səc	*ɳok^D
baliq	*s-ŋya	*mbrəuʔ	*kaʔ	*Sikan	*plaː^A	*hlaː	*p-la^A
bit	*s-r (y)ik	*ntshjeiʔ	*ciːʔ	*kuCux	*traw^A	*tʃʰwəw	*C-ʈu^A
barg	*lay	P-Hmongic mblɔŋ^A, P-Mienic* *nɔm^A	*slaʔ	*waSaw	*ɓaɰ^A	*ɓɯː	*ɖiŋ^A
quyosh	*s-nəy	P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔi^A	*tŋiːʔ	waRi, qajaw	*ŋwan^A	*hŋwən	*(l-/h)wən^A
oy	*s/g-la	*hlaH	*khaj	bulaN, qiNaS	*ɓlɯən^A	*C-ɲaːn	*(C-)tjan^A
suv	m-t (w)əy-n ~ m-ti-s	*ʔu̯əm	ɗaːk; Pal. ʔoːm	*daNum	*C̬.nam^C	*C-nəmʔ	*ʔuŋ^C
yomgʻir	*r/s/g-wa	P-Hmongic *m-noŋ^C	*gmaʔ	*quzaN	*C̥.wɯn^A	*fun	*jəl^A
olov	*mey	*douʔ	ʔuːs, ʔɔːs	*Sapuy	*wɤj^A	*fiː	*pui^A
ism	*r-mi (ŋ/n)	*mpɔuH	*-məh	*ŋajan	*ɟɤː^B	*pʰaːŋ	*n (ʒ)i^A
yemoq	*m-dz (y)a-k/n/t/s	P-Mienic *ɲən^C	*caːʔ	*kaen	*kɯɲ^A	*kʰən	*kan^A
oʻlim	*səy	*dəjH	*kceːt	*ma-aCay	*p.taːj^A	*hlaːwɦ	*pɣon^A
men	ŋa-y ~ ka	P-Hmongic *kɛŋ^B	*ʔaɲ	-ku	*kuː^A	*ɦuː	*ku^A
siz	*na-ŋ	*mu̯ei	*miːʔ	-mu	*mɯŋ^A	*C-mɯː	*mə^A/B

Tarqatishlar tahrir

Xitoy-Tibet tillarining tarqalishi
Kra–Dai tillarining tarqalishi
Avstroosiyo tillarining tarqalishi
Hmong–Mien tillarining tarqalishi
Avstroneziya tillarining tarqalishi

Yana qarang tahrir

Ota tili gipotezasi
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun tasnif sxemalari
- Xitoy-Avstroneziya tillari
- avstriya tillari
- Avstriya-Tay tillari
Materik Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo lingvistik hududi
Gaplogrup O (Y-DNK)
Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
Xitoy tillari

Manbalar tahrir

↑ Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
↑ Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
↑ Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
↑ Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
↑ Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. Tʼoung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. Tʼoung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
↑ Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
↑ Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
↑ Starosta, Stanley „Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific“,. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics Sagart: . London: Routledge Curzon, 2005 — 182–197 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
↑ Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). „Morphological evidence for Austric“ (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33-jild, № 2. 323–344-bet. doi:10.2307/3623132. JSTOR i285831. 15–avgust 2017–yilda asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10–avgust 2020–yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ Larish, Michael D. (2006-yil yanvar). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived from the original on 8-yanvar 2019-yil. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Qaraldi: 7-yanvar 2019-yil.
↑ Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
↑ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
↑ Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). „Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview.“ In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
↑ Blust. „Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition“ (2020-yil 21-iyun). 6-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2020-yil.
↑ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

Havolalar tahrir

George van Driem tomonidan Sharqiy Osiyo tillari boʻyicha maqolalar (Wayback Machine saytida 9-avgust 2020-yil sanasida arxivlangan)

[1] Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.

[2] Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.

[3] Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.

[4] Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

[5] Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.

[6] Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

[7] Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[8] Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. Tʼoung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.

[9] Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. Tʼoung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.

[10] Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.

[11] Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.

[12] Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.

[13] Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.

[14] Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.

[Origin-15] Starosta, Stanley „Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific“,. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics Sagart: . London: Routledge Curzon, 2005 — 182–197 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.

[16] Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). „Morphological evidence for Austric“ (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33-jild, № 2. 323–344-bet. doi:10.2307/3623132. JSTOR i285831. 15–avgust 2017–yilda asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10–avgust 2020–yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[17] Larish, Michael D. (2006-yil yanvar). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived from the original on 8-yanvar 2019-yil. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Qaraldi: 7-yanvar 2019-yil.

[18] Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

[19] Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.

[20] Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). „Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview.“ In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.

[ACD-21] Blust. „Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition“ (2020-yil 21-iyun). 6-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2020-yil.

[22] Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

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