Vikipediya

Gvatemalada o‘ldirilgan jurnalistlar ro‘yxati

Gvatemala Lotin Amerikasidagi jurnalistlar va ommaviy axborot vositalari xodimlari uchun eng xavfli davlatlardan biri hisoblanadi[1][2]. Gvatemaladagi fuqarolar urushi (1960–1996) davrida kamida 342 jurnalist oʻldirilgan va 126 nafari gʻoyib boʻlgan yoki noqonuniy hibsga olingan[2][3]. Oʻrtacha 36 yil davomida har oyda bitta hujumga toʻgʻri keladi[3]. So‘l partizan harakatlari va o‘ng qanot hukumati o‘rtasida janglar boshlanganda, jurnalistika mamlakatda xavfli kasbga aylandi[4]. Yuzlab ommaviy axborot vositalari xodimlari korruptsiya, repressiya, uyushgan jinoyatchilik va rejim tomonidan sodir etilgan inson huquqlari buzilishi haqida yozgani uchun kaltaklangan, qamoqqa olingan, o'g'irlangan yoki hatto o'ldirilgan[5]. 1970-yillarda fuqarolar urushi shiddati oshgani sayin, Gvatemala jurnalistikasi qutbga aylandi va jurnalistlar siyosatga aralashdi. Agar fuqaro jinoyat haqida xabar bermoqchi bo‘lsa, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlariga emas, matbuotga murojaat qilgan; o'zlarining siyosiy muxolifatini bildirmoqchi bo'lgan odamlar o'z ishlarini nashr qilish uchun Gvatemala hukumatiga emas, balki gazetalarga yubordilar. 1985-yilga kelib, Gvatemala o'zining konstitutsiyaviy boshqaruvini qayta qabul qilganida, matbuot erkinligi yaxshilana boshladi[6]. 1996-yilda tinchlik shartnomasi imzolanganda, Gvatemalada jurnalistlar uchun muhit yaxshilandi va ommaviy axborot vositalari xodimlarining o'ldirilishi sezilarli darajada kamaydi[7]. Biroq, matbuotga qarshi hujumlar va maqsadli qotilliklar uyushgan jinoyatchilik shaklida davom etdi[4].

Fuqarolar urushining tugashi Gvatemala matbuotini bir necha jihatdan erkin qildi; gazetalarda hukumat korruptsiyasi haqida maqolalar chop eta boshladi, bu mavzu urush davrida tez-tez chetlab o'tildi va ko'payib ketdi. Ushbu yaxshilanishlarga qaramay, Gvatemaladagi jurnalistlar fuqarolar urushidan boshlangan o'z-o'zini senzura qilish madaniyatini qabul qilishni o'rgandilar[8] Hukumatning Gvatemala matbuotiga nisbatan salbiy munosabati davom etmoqda va matbuot hukumatdan va uning reklamalaridan ajralib, to'liq avtonom bo'lish uchun iqtisodiy mustaqillikka ega emas[4]. Mamlakatdagi aksariyat ommaviy axborot vositalari markazlari poytaxt Gvatemala shahrida joylashgan[4]. Poytaxtda ishlayotgan jurnalistlar viloyatlarda yashovchi jurnalistlarga qaraganda yaxshiroq ish sharoitlariga ega va hujumlardan yaxshiroq himoyalangan[9], bu yerda ular toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri reportajlari uchun mahalliy amaldorlar tomonidan osonlik bilan bosim oʻtkazishadi[10]. 2000-yillarning o'rtalaridan beri giyohvand moddalar bilan bog'liq zo'ravonlik va meksikalik uyushgan jinoyatchilik, xususan, Los Zetasning mavjudligi Gvatemalada qotillik va matbuotga qarshi hujumlar sonini oshirdi[11][12].

Gvatemaladagi fuqarolar urushi davrida tahrir

Sana Nomi Manzil OAV Statusi Manbalar
1948 Alejandro Córdova Guatemala El Imparcial Qotil [13]
20 August 1960 Manuel Ávila Ayala

(pen name): Meme Ayala 		Guatemala Diario de Centroamérica Qotil [14]
12 July 1967 José Arnoldo Guilló Martínez Escuintla, Escuintla Department Radio Sur

Radio Palmeras 		Disappeared [15]
4 September 1967 José Torón Barrios Guatemala Voz de la Liberación Qotil [14]
1968 Gonzalo Acevedo Guatemala City, Guatemala Department La Hora Qotil [15]
1970s Luis Díaz Pérez Guatemala N/A Qotil [15]
1970s Enrique Salazar Guatemala N/A Qotil [15]
29 April 1970 Julio César de la Roca Guatemala La Nación Qotil [15][16]
20 November 1970 Enrique Salazar Solórzano Guatemala El Debate

Guatemala Flash 		Disappeared [14]
20 November 1970 Luis Díaz Pérez Guatemala Guatemala Flash Disappeared [14]
10 December 1970 Humberto González Juárez Guatemala N/A Qotil [15][17]
15 May 1974 Werner Roswald Trejo Álvarez Guatemala N/A Disappeared [18]
19 July 1975 Julio Roberto Pensamiento San Agustín Acasaguastlán, El Progreso La Nación Qotil [14]
22 July 1975 José María López Valdizón Guatemala Alero

Presencia

Revista de Guatemala 		Disappeared [14]
28 July 1975 Carlos Humberto Oliveros Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Nuevo Diario del Aire Disappeared [14]
15 December 1976 Manuel de Jesús Mendizábal Guatemala N/A Disappeared [14]
19 May 1979 Carlos Gilberto Aquino Cruz Jalapa, Jalapa Oriental Qotil [14]
22 September 1978 Héctor Augusto Vásquez Huehuetenango, Huehuetenango Radio Poderosa Disappeared [14]
6 November 1978 Antonio Estuardo Ciani García Guatemala Asociación de Periodistas Escolares Disappeared [14]
11 December 1978 José Héctor Sosa Villeda Guatemala Guate Cosas Qotil [19]
19 November 1979 José León Castañeda Guatemala SIMCOS Qotil [20]
1980 Baltasar Toy Medrano Guatemala Radio Quiché Qotil [21]
1980 Víctor Galeano Rodríguez Guatemala N/A Qotil [14]
March 1980 Hugo Rolando Melgar Guatemala 7 Días Qotil [22]
17 April 1980 Oscar Enrique Ovalle Barrillas Guatemala City, Guatemala Department N/A Disappeared [15]
21 June 1980 Manuel René Polanco Guatemala Prensa Libre Disappeared [14]
24 June 1980 Belte Elvidio Villatoro Guatemala Nuevo Diario Qotil [23]
5 July 1980 Marco Antonio Cacao Muñoz Guatemala Radio Sensación Qotil [24]
5 July 1980 Eliot Hernández Retalhuleu, Retalhuleu La Nación Qotil [14]
16 July 1980 Samuel González Romero Guatemala Prensa en Acción Qotil [14]
17 July 1980 Manuel de Jesús Marroquín Castañeda Guatemala City, Guatemala Department N/A Qotil [25]
26 July 1980 Julio César Coronado Espinoza Escuintla, Escuintla Department El Estudiante Qotil [17]
1 August 1980 José Alfredo González Escuintla, Escuintla Department Clarín

Radio Tropicana 		Qotil [14]
1 August 1980 Julio Cojón Tecún Escuintla, Escuintla Department Radio Tropicana Qotil [26]
1 August 1980 Alberto Santisteban Escuintla, Escuintla Department Radio Tropicana Qotil [14]
1 August 1980 Julio Solórzano Beltetón Escuintla, Escuintla Department Radio Tropicana Qotil [14]
5 August 1980 Mario Ribas Montes Guatemala La Hora

El Imparcial

Diario de Centroamérica 		Qotil [14]
5 September 1980 Luis Alberto Romero

(pen name): Timoteo Curruchiche 		Guatemala Radio Sonora Qotil [17]
15 September 1980 Ramiro Antonio García Jiménez Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Nuevo Diario Disappeared [14]
6 October 1980 Felipe Zepeda y Zepeda Guatemala Radio Quiche Qotil [19]
14 October 1980 Víctor Hugo Pensamiento El Progreso Department La Nación

Tele Prensa

Radio Nuevo Mundo 		Qotil [14]
16 October 1980 Irma Flaquer Azurdia Guatemala City, Guatemala Department La Hora Disappeared [27][28]
24 October 1980 Gaspar Culán Yataz Santiago Atitlan, Sololá Radio Voz de Atitlán Qotil [29][30]
19 December 1980 Alaíde Foppa Guatemala El Imparcial

El Nacional 		Disappeared [14]
19 December 1980 José Guilló Martínez Guatemala N/A Disappeared [14]
19 December 1980 Sergio Sánchez Retalhuleu, Retalhuleu Teleprensa Qotil [14]
19 December 1980 Carlos Siliézar Escuintla, Escuintla N/A Qotil [14]
1981 Francisco Par Guatemala N/A Qotil [14]
1981 Paredes Quiñónez Guatemala N/A Qotil [14]
30 January 1981 Oscar Rolando Figueroa Guatemala N/A Qotil [30]
4-15 February 1981 Simón Estansilao Cabrera Guatemala Radio Musical Qotil [31]
6 February 1981 Jorge Marroquín Mejía Guatemala Mundo Nuevo

El Independiente 		Qotil [32]
21 February 1981 Simón Leonidas Cabrera Rivera Guatemala Radio Jutiapa Qotil [33]
24 February 1981 Óscar Arturo Palencia Pineda Guatemala Siete Días en la USAC Qotil [14]
10 March 1981 Oscar Leonel Mujía Córdoba Huehuetenango, Huehuetenango Department Nuevo Mundo Disappeared [15]
31 March 1981 Luis Alfredo López Guatemala N/A Qotil [17]
21 April 1981 Isidro Mirando López Guatemala Radio Tropical Qotil [17]
21 May 1981 Fulvio Alirio Mejía Milián Cuilapa, Santa Rosa La Nación

El Independiente 		Qotil [34][17]
21 May 1981 Edgar Rolando Castillo Rivera Quetzaltenango, Quetzaltenango Radioperiódico América Qotil [35][30]
16 June 1981 Rodrigo Ramírez Morales Guatemala Consejo Nacional de la Publicidad Disappeared [14]
23 July 1981 Sonia Calderón de Martell Guatemala El Gráfico Disappeared [36][37]
9 August 1981 Mario Solórzano Foppa Guatemala Infopress

Nuevo Diario 		Qotil [14]
11 August 1981 Abner Daniel Recinos Alfaro Guatemala Seis Disappeared [38]
16 September 1981 Didier Juvenal Martell González Chiquimulilla, Santa Rosa El Gráfico Qotil [17]
1982 Agustín Tzaloj Tuist Sololá, Sololá Department Radio Quicoté Qotil [15]
21 January 1982 Carmen Jax Say Guatemala Radio Utatlán Qotil [39]
2 February 1982 Roberto Girón Lemus Guatemala City, Guatemala Department La Nación Qotil [30]
1989 Danilo Barillas Guatemala ¿Por Qué? Qotil [36]
29 March 1989 Griffith Davis Quiché, Guatemala Freelance journalist Qotil [40][41]
29 March 1989 Nicholas Chapman Blake Quiché, Guatemala Freelance journalist Qotil [40][41]
15 October 1990 Humberto González Gamarra Guatemala City, Guatemala Department N/A Qotil [42][43]
15 October 1990 Miguel Ángel Cortín Guatemala City, Guatemala Department N/A Qotil [43]
3 July 1993 Jorge Carpio Nicolle Chichicastenango, Quiché El Gráfico Qotil [44][45]
24 December 1993 Víctor Manuel de la Cruz Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Radio Sonora Qotil [46]
12 September 1994 Victor Hugo López Escobar Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Radio Progreso Qotil [47]
29 January 1995 Alberto Antoniotti Monge Guatemala City, Guatemala Department El Gráfico Qotil [48]
11 November 1995 Edwin Estuardo Mansilla De León Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Radio Progreso Qotil [24][49]
11 April 1996 Juan José Yantuche Mixco, Guatemala Department TV Noticias Qotil [50]
10 December 1996 Israel Hernández Marroquín Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Infopress Centroamericano Qotil [51]

Gvatemaladagi fuqarolar urushidan keyin tahrir

Sana Nomi Manzil OAV Statusi Manbalar
5 June 1997 Jorge Luis Marroquín Sagastume Jocotán, Chiquimula Sol Chortí Killed [52]
16 July 1997 Norman Homero Hernández Pérez Tiquisate, Escuintla Radio Campesina Killed [53]
14 November 1997 Luis Ronaldo de Leon Godoy Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Prensa Libre Killed [54]
27 December 1999 Larry Lee Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Bridge Financial News Killed [55]
28 April 2000 Roberto Martínez Castañeda Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Prensa Libre Killed [56]
25 June 2000 Francisco Antonio Castillo Gálvez Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Avances Killed [57]
5 September 2001 Jorge Mynor Alegría Armendáriz Puente Barrios, Izabal Radio Amatique Killed [58]
24 July 2003 Héctor Ramírez Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Noti-7

Radio Sonora 		Killed [59][60]
11 September 2006 Eduardo Heriberto Maas Bol Cobán, Alta Verapaz Radio Punto Killed [61]
3 May 2007 Mario Rolando López Sánchez Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Radio Sonora Killed [62]
23 January 2008 Hugo Arce Guatemala ¿Y Qué? Killed [63]
12 April 2008 Rubén Bozarreyes Luna Gualán, Zacapa Radio Gualán Killed [63]
10 May 2008 Jorge Mérida Pérez Coatepeque, Quetzaltenango Prensa Libre Killed [64]
22 October 2008 Abel Girón Morales Guatemala City, Guatemala Department El Periódico Killed [65]
2009 Luis Alberto Oliva Orellana Chiquimula, Zacapa N/A Killed [2]
1 April 2009 Rolando Santiz de León Guatemala City, Guatemala Department Telecentro Trece Killed [66]
5 June 2009 Marco Antonio Estrada Chiquimula, Zacapa Telediario Killed [67]
27 May 2010 Anibal Archila Guatemala City Note7 Killed [68]
18–19 May 2011 Yensi Roberto Ordoñez Galdámez Nueva Concepción, Escuintla Channel 14 Killed [69]
20 March 2013 Jaime Napoleón Jarquín Duarte Ciudad Pedro de Alvarado, Jutiapa Nuestro Diario Killed [70]
7 April 2013 Luis Alberto Lemus Ruano Jalpatagua, Jutiapa Café TV

Radio Stereo Café 		Killed [71]
7 August 2013 Luis de Jesús Lima Zacapa, Zacapa La Sultana Killed [72]
20 August 2013 Carlos Alberto Orellana Chávez Suchitepéquez Department Canal Óptimo 23 Killed [73]
10 March 2015 Danilo López Mazatenango, Suchitepéquez Prensa Libre Killed [74]
10 March 2015 Federico Salazar Mazatenango, Suchitepéquez Nuevo Mundo Killed [74]
14 March 2015 Guido Armando Giovanni Villatoro Ramos Chicacao, Suchitepéquez Department Canal 14 Killed [75]
1 February 2018 Laurent Ángel Castillo Cifuentes Santo Domingo Suchitepéquez newspaper Nuestro Diario Killed [76]
1 February 2018 Luis Alfredo de León Miranda Santo Domingo Suchitepéquez Radio Coaltepec Killed [77]
30 July 2021 Pedro Alfonso Guadrón Hernández Concepción Las Minas Concepción Las Minas mi Tierra Killed [78]

Yana qarang tahrir

  • Gondurasda o'ldirilgan jurnalistlar ro'yxati
  • Meksikada o'ldirilgan jurnalistlar ro'yxati
  • Venesuelada o'ldirilgan jurnalistlar ro'yxati

Manbalar tahrir

  1. ↑ Bevan, Anna-Claire. „Reading between the lines: journalism in Guatemala“. New Internationalist (2012-yil 15-avgust). 2013-yil 16-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 IFEX 2012.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Méndez Arriaza, Claudia. „Death by Byline“. Utne Reader (2012-yil yanvar), s. 1–4. 2013-yil 11-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Shea 2001.
  5. ↑ Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2012. SAGE, 2012 — 562 bet. ISBN 978-1608719952. 
  6. ↑ Smeets. „Speaking Out: Postwar Journalism in Guatemala and El Salvador“. Committee to Protect Journalists (1999-yil 11-avgust). 2013-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
  7. ↑ Rockwell 2003.
  8. ↑ O'Kane, Trish. Guatemala in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics and Culture. Interlink Books, 1999 — 52 bet. ISBN 1566562422. 
  9. ↑ „Attacks on the Press 2001: Guatemala“. Committee to Protect Journalists (2002-yil 26-mart). 2013-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
  10. ↑ „Attacks on the Press 2004: Guatemala“. Committee to Protect Journalists (2004). 2013-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
  11. ↑ Lauría. „Drug Trade, Violent Gangs Pose Grave Danger“. Committee to Protect Journalists (2009). 2013-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
  12. ↑ Abbot. „Violence against journalists in Guatemala spikes again“. Council on Hemispheric Affairs (2013-yil 4-sentyabr). 2013-yil 2-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-dekabr.
  13. ↑ Quiñónez de Paz. „Análisis del espacio redaccional de las noticias económicas en el matutino Siglo Veintiuno“ (es). Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (2005-yil mart). 2011-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  14. ↑ 14,00 14,01 14,02 14,03 14,04 14,05 14,06 14,07 14,08 14,09 14,10 14,11 14,12 14,13 14,14 14,15 14,16 14,17 14,18 14,19 14,20 14,21 14,22 14,23 14,24 14,25 14,26 14,27 14,28 14,29 ODHAG2 1999.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 15,6 15,7 15,8 CEH3 1999.
  16. ↑ „JULIO CESAR DE LA ROCA“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2016-yil 4-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 17,6 ODHAG 2005.
  18. ↑ „WERNER ROSWALD TREJO ALVAREZ“. The Journalists Memorial, Reporters Without Borders. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 „Crimes Against Journalists: Guatemala (Displaying Cases 61-64 of 64)“. Latin American Democracy Defense Organization. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  20. ↑ „ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 1980-1981“. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (1981-yil 16-oktyabr). 2013-yil 19-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  21. ↑ „BALTAZAR TOY MEDRANO“. Newseum. 2004-yil 16-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  22. ↑ Erlick 2004.
  23. ↑ „CAPÍTULO IV: DERECHO A LA SEGURIDAD E INTEGRIDAD PERSONAL“ (es). Comisión Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos (1981-yil 13-oktyabr). 2012-yil 6-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 „PERIODISTAS MUERTOS Y DESAPARECIDOS: GUATEMALA (74)“ (es). Infoamérica. 2010-yil 23-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  25. ↑ CEH4 1999.
  26. ↑ „JULIO COJÓN TECÚN“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  27. ↑ „IRMA FLAQUER, Guatemala“ (es). Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa. 2013-yil 2-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  28. ↑ Galán, José. „Involucran al prófugo con la desaparición de una periodista“ (es). La Jornada (2004-yil 18-dekabr). 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  29. ↑ Southerland, Daniel. „WHEN TOURISTS AND GUERRILLAS SHARE A TOWN“. The Christian Science Monitor (1980-yil 12-dekabr). 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 „Crimes Against Journalists: Guatemala (Displaying Cases 11-20 of 64)“. Latin American Democracy Defense Organization. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  31. ↑ „SIMON ESTANISLAO CABRERA“. Newseum. 2011-yil 13-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  32. ↑ „JORGE MARROQUÍN MEJÍA“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2016-yil 4-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  33. ↑ „SIMÓN LEONIDAS CABRERA RIVERA“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  34. ↑ „FULVIO ALIRIO MEJÍA MILIÁN“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2016-yil 4-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  35. ↑ CEH2 1999.
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 „Crimes Against Journalists: Guatemala (Displaying Cases 1-10 of 64)“. Latin American Democracy Defense Organization. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  37. ↑ Libbey, John. 1996 report: freedom of the press throughout the world. Reporters Without Borders, 1996 — 359 bet. ISBN 1860205089. 
  38. ↑ „ABNER DANIEL RECINOS ALFARO“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  39. ↑ „CARMEN JAX SAY“. The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 „GRIFFITH DAVIS“. Newseum. 2011-yil 13-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Fix-Zamudio. „Blake Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of July 2, 1996, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.“. University of Minnesota (1996). 2011-yil 6-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  42. ↑ Inter-American Year Book on Human Rights Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994 — 252 bet. ISBN 0792332164. 2013-yil 14-avgustda qaraldi. 
  43. ↑ 43,0 43,1 „GUATEMALA: Humberto GONZÁLEZ GAMARRA and Miguel Angel CORTÍN“. Amnesty International (1990-yil 17-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  44. ↑ „IAPA asks Guatemalan officials to solve murder impunity against journalist Jorge Carpio Nicolle“. Inter American Press Association (2004-yil 2-iyul). 2013-yil 3-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  45. ↑ Fix-Zamudio. „Carpio Nicolle Case, Order of the Court of June 4, 1995, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.“. University of Minnesota. 2012-yil 2-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  46. ↑ „TITLE: GUATEMALA HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993“. United States Department of State (1994-yil 31-yanvar). 2010-yil 11-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  47. ↑ „Victor Hugo López Escobar“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 26-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  48. ↑ „Alberto Antoniotti Monge“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 25-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  49. ↑ Annual Report. Original form at Indiana University: Inter-American Press Association, 1996 — 42 bet. 
  50. ↑ „Journalist Juan Jose Yantuche dies as a result of his injuries“. IFEX (organization) (1996-yil 18-aprel). 2013-yil 8-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  51. ↑ „Israel Hernández Marroquín“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 12-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  52. ↑ „Jorge Luis Marroquín Sagastume“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 12-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  53. ↑ „Norman Homero Hernández Pérez: Guatemala, 1 killed“. International Press Institute. 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  54. ↑ „Luis Ronaldo De León Godoy“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 15-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  55. ↑ Arana. „Case: Larry Lee. His throat had been slashed twice, in sloppy strokes“. Inter American Press Association (2000-yil 1-iyul). 2014-yil 19-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-dekabr.
  56. ↑ „LA SIP LAMENTA LA MUERTE DE UN PERIODISTA Y SE SUMA AL DUELO DE LA PRENSA GUATEMALTECA“ (es). Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa (2000-yil 28-aprel). 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 10-dekabr.
  57. ↑ „Guatemala: Asesinado periodista“ (es). La Nación (San José) (2000-yil 25-iyun). 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  58. ↑ „RSF indignado por asesinato de periodista, otro periodista recibe amenazas de muerte“ (es). IFEX (organization) (2001-yil 11-sentyabr). 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  59. ↑ „Muere periodista guatemalteco en jornada de protestas“. Esmas.com. Televisa (2003-yil 24-iyul). 2005-yil 7-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  60. ↑ „Héctor Ramírez“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 15-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  61. ↑ „Matan a periodista en Cobán“ (es). Prensa Libre (2006-yil 11-sentyabr). 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  62. ↑ „CJFE CONDEMNS THE KILLING OF JOURNALIST MARIO ROLANDO LÓPEZ SÁNCHEZ“. Canadian Journalists for Free Expression (2007-yil 7-may). 2013-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  63. ↑ 63,0 63,1 „ASESINADO A DISPAROS UN CORRESPONSAL DEL DIARIO PRENSA LIBRE“ (es) (13 May 2008). Reporteros Sin Fronteras. 2012-yil 8-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
  64. ↑ „Jorge Mérida Pérez“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 12-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  65. ↑ „Graphic artist at daily "El Periódico" killed in crossbow attack“. IFEX (organization) (2008-yil 27-oktyabr). 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  66. ↑ „Television reporter Rolando Santiz murdered, photographer Juan Antonio de León Villatoro wounded“. IFEX (organization) (2009-yil 3-aprel). 2011-yil 6-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  67. ↑ „GUATEMALA [informe 2009“] (es). Infoamérica (2009). 2013-yil 29-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  68. ↑ „Hundreds flee Guatemala volcano“. BBC (2010-yil 28-may). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 31-may.
  69. ↑ „Yensi Roberto Ordoñez Galdámez“. Committee to Protect Journalists. 2013-yil 15-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  70. ↑ „Journalist gunned down in southeastern department of Jutiapa“. Reporters Without Borders (2013-yil 22-mart). 2013-yil 8-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  71. ↑ „DW: Luis Alberto Lemus Ruano, 1 killed“. International Press Institute (2013-yil 2-may). 2016-yil 3-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  72. ↑ „La SIP condena el asesinato del periodista guatemalteco Luis de Jesús Lima“ (es). Yahoo News (2013-yil 7-avgust). 2013-yil 13-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 13-avgust.
  73. ↑ „One journalist murdered, another attacked, in Guatemala“. Committee to Protect Journalists (2013-yil 20-avgust). 2013-yil 20-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 22-avgust.
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 „OEA condena muerte de Danilo López y Federico Salazar“ (es). Prensa Libre (2015-yil 13-mart). 2015-yil 15-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 16-mart.
  75. ↑ „Capturan a 3 supuestos homicidas de periodista guatemalteco“ (es). La Prensa Gráfica (2015-yil 14-mart). 2015-yil 16-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 16-mart.
  76. ↑ „Laurent Ángel Castillo Cifuentes, Guatemala“. IPI.media (2018-yil 28-fevral). 2016-yil 6-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 16-mart. Alt URL (Wayback Machine saytida 2022-09-29 sanasida arxivlangan)
  77. ↑ „Luis Alfredo de León Miranda, Guatemala“. IPI.media (2018-yil 28-fevral). 2022-yil 29-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 16-mart.
  78. ↑ „Small town reporter gunned down in southeastern Guatemala“. Reporter Without Borders (2021-yil 3-avgust). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 22-sentyabr.

Bibliografiya tahrir

 

Havolalar tahrir 

"https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gvatemalada_o‘ldirilgan_jurnalistlar_ro‘yxati&oldid=3909261" dan olindi