Madaniy belgi

Madaniy belgi (ikon) bu madaniyat aʼzolari tomonidan ushbu madaniyatni ifodalovchi shaxs yoki buyum. Aniqlash jarayoni subyektiv boʻlib, „ikonlar“ ushbu madaniyatning haqiqiy ramzi sifatida qanchalik koʻrinishi mumkinligiga qarab baholanadi. Odamlar madaniy belgini koʻrganda, uni oʻsha madaniyat haqidagi umumiy tasavvurlari bilan bogʻlaydi^[1]. Madaniy belgilar biror madaniyat tomonidan boshqa bir madaniyatning belgisi sifatida ham koʻrilishi mumkin^[2].

Ommaviy madaniyatda va boshqa joylarda „ikonik“ atamasi koʻplab odamlar, joylar va narsalarni tasvirlash uchun qoʻllanadi. Baʼzi sharhlovchilar „ikonik“ soʻzi haddan tashqari koʻp ishlatiladi deb hisoblaydi.

Misollar

Qizil telefon budtkasi Britaniya madaniy ikoni hisoblanadi.^[3]

Canadian Journal of Communicationga koʻra, akademik adabiyotda quyidagilarning barchasi „madaniy belgi“ sifatida tasvirlangan: Shekspir, Oprah, Batman, Green Gables’lik Anne, Kovboy, 1960-yillarning pop ayol qoʻshiqchisi, ot, Las-Vegas, kutubxona, Barbie qoʻgʻirchogʻi, DNK va New York Yankees^[4]. 2006-yilda internetda Angliya milliy belgilari uchun nomzodlarni taklif qiluvchi internet soʻrovnoma tashkil etildi^[5] va natijalar Angliya madaniyatiga bogʻliq turli xil belgilarni koʻrsatdi. Bir misol, qizil AEC Routemaster London ikki qavatli avtobusidir^[6]^[7]^[8].

Matryoshka qoʻgʻirchoqlari xalqaro miqyosda Rossiyaning madaniy belgisi sifatida koʻriladi^[9]. Sobiq Sovet Ittifoqida bolgʻa va oʻroq ramzi va Vladimir Leninning haykallari mamlakatning eng taniqli madaniy ikonlari sifatida namoyon qilingan.

Madaniy belgi ifodalagan qadriyatlar, normalar va idealar unga ergashuvchilar va madaniy ikonlarni butunlay boshqa qadriyatlar sifatida talqin qiluvchilar orasida farq qiladi. Shunday qilib, olma pirogi Qoʻshma Shtatlarning madaniy belgidir, lekin uning ahamiyati amerikaliklar oʻrtasida turlicha.

Milliy belgilar, masalan, kommunizm qulaganidan keyin Sharqiy Yevropada Lenin haykallarini yoʻq qilish^[10] yoki AQShning xorijdagi harakatlariga norozilik sifatida Amerika bayrogʻini yoqish kabi^[11], biror tuzumga qarshi boʻlganlar yoki uni tanqid qiluvchilar uchun nishonga aylanishi mumkin.

Din va madaniyat chuqur bogʻlangan jamiyatlarda, Madonna tasvirlari kabi diniy belgilar ham madaniy belgilarga aylanishi mumkin^[12].

Tanqid

Biror narsani ikonik yoki belgi sifatida tasvirlash ommaviy axborot vositalarida juda keng tarqalgan. Bu baʼzilar tomonidan tanqidga uchragan^[13]. Masalan, Liverpool Daily Post gazetasidagi bir yozuvchi „ikonik“ soʻzini „tushunmaydi“ va „deyarli hamma narsani tasvirlash uchun xizmat qiladi“^[14] deb hisoblaydi. Christian Examinerdan Mark Larson „ikonik“ atamasini ortiqcha ishlatilgan soʻz sifatida taʼriflab, yangiliklar hikoyalarida „ikonik“ soʻzining 18 000 dan ortiq, „ikon“ soʻzining yana 30 000 marta qoʻllanilganligini aniqladi^[15].

Manbalar

↑ Grayson, Kent; Martinec, Radan (2004-09-01). "Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings". Journal of Consumer Research 31 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1086/422109. ISSN 0093-5301. https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/31/2/296/1824949/Consumer-Perceptions-of-Iconicity-and-Indexicality.
↑ Motley, Carol M.; Henderson, Geraldine Rosa (2008-03-01). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture". Journal of Business Research. Cross-Cultural Business Research 61 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-business-research_2008-03_61_3/page/243.
↑ Odone, Cristina. „The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call“ (2013-yil 11-mart). 2022-yil 12-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
↑ Truman, Emily (2017). "Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture". Canadian Journal of Communication 42 (5): 829–849. doi:10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223. http://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223. "What constitutes a 'cultural icon' in twenty-first-century North American popular culture? All of the following have been attributed to this status in academic literature: Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees"
↑ „Our Collection“. icons.org.uk. 2014-yil 19-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 16-avgust.
↑ Jenkins, Simon (October 2005). Godson, Dean (muh.). Replacing the Routemaster (PDF). 7-bet. February 27, 2013da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: December 15, 2012.
↑ British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England (Wayback Machine saytida 2014-12-05 sanasida arxivlangan). Retrieved 15 December 2012.
↑ Parker, Mike (2012). Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PDF). Chapter 5: The Spitfire Aircraft (PhD thesis). University of Central Lancashire. 123–167-bet. 2024-07-15da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 2024-08-08.
↑ Bobo, Suzanna. „Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry“. Kodiak Daily Mirror (2012-yil 25-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 9-aprel.^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}
↑ Jones, Jonathan „Why smashing statues can be the sweetest revenge“. Guardian (2013-yil 9-dekabr).
↑ Laessing, ulf „Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film“. Reuters (2012-yil 14-sentyabr).
↑ Creating Ourselves, African Americans and Hispanic Americans on popular culture and religious expression. Duke University Press, 2009.
↑ „Heard about the famous icon? We have – far too often“. The Independent (2007-yil 27-yanvar). 2012-yil 26-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
↑ Letʼs hear it for the Queenʼs English^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}, Liverpool Daily Post
↑ Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times (Wayback Machine saytida 2010-12-25 sanasida arxivlangan), Christian Examiner

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar

Biedermann, Hans. Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them. Meridan, 1994.
Brooker, Will. Batman Unmasked: Analysing a Cultural Icon. Continuum, 2001.
The Horse as Cultural Icon: The Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World. Brill, 2011.
; Leslie Heywood; Shari L DworkinBuilt to Win: The Female Athlete as Cultural Icon. University of Minnesota Press, 2003.
Gilbert, Erik. The Dhow as Cultural Icon. Boston University, 2008. * Heyer, Paul. Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Praeger, 2012.
Heyer, Paul. Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Praeger, 2012.
Meyer, Denis C.. Cles Pour la France en 80 Icones Culturelles. Hachette, 2010.
; M Susan LindeeThe DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon. University of Michigan Press, 2004.
Reydams-Schils, Gretchen J. Plato's Timaeus as Cultural Icon. University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.

Tashqi havolalar

[1] Grayson, Kent; Martinec, Radan (2004-09-01). "Consumer Perceptions of Iconicity and Indexicality and Their Influence on Assessments of Authentic Market Offerings". Journal of Consumer Research 31 (2): 296–312. doi:10.1086/422109. ISSN 0093-5301. https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/31/2/296/1824949/Consumer-Perceptions-of-Iconicity-and-Indexicality.

[2] Motley, Carol M.; Henderson, Geraldine Rosa (2008-03-01). "The global hip-hop Diaspora: Understanding the culture". Journal of Business Research. Cross-Cultural Business Research 61 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.020. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-business-research_2008-03_61_3/page/243.

[3] Odone, Cristina. „The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call“ (2013-yil 11-mart). 2022-yil 12-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

[2017CJC-4] Truman, Emily (2017). "Rethinking the Cultural Icon: Its Use and Function in Popular Culture". Canadian Journal of Communication 42 (5): 829–849. doi:10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223. http://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n5a3223. "What constitutes a 'cultural icon' in twenty-first-century North American popular culture? All of the following have been attributed to this status in academic literature: Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees"

[England-5] „Our Collection“. icons.org.uk. 2014-yil 19-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 16-avgust.

[PolicyExchange-6] Jenkins, Simon (October 2005). Godson, Dean (muh.). Replacing the Routemaster (PDF). 7-bet. February 27, 2013da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: December 15, 2012.

[PostalMuseum-7] British Postal Museum & Archive: Icons of England (Wayback Machine saytida 2014-12-05 sanasida arxivlangan). Retrieved 15 December 2012.

[8] Parker, Mike (2012). Cultural Icons: A Case Study Analysis of their Formation and Reception (PDF). Chapter 5: The Spitfire Aircraft (PhD thesis). University of Central Lancashire. 123–167-bet. 2024-07-15da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 2024-08-08.

[9] Bobo, Suzanna. „Scuttlebutt: Wooden toy tells a story of love and industry“. Kodiak Daily Mirror (2012-yil 25-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 9-aprel.^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

[10] Jones, Jonathan „Why smashing statues can be the sweetest revenge“. Guardian (2013-yil 9-dekabr).

[11] Laessing, ulf „Anti-American fury sweeps Middle East over film“. Reuters (2012-yil 14-sentyabr).

[12] Creating Ourselves, African Americans and Hispanic Americans on popular culture and religious expression. Duke University Press, 2009.

[13] „Heard about the famous icon? We have – far too often“. The Independent (2007-yil 27-yanvar). 2012-yil 26-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

[LDP-14] Letʼs hear it for the Queenʼs English^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}, Liverpool Daily Post

[CE-15] Modern word usage amazingly leaves us yearning for gay, old times (Wayback Machine saytida 2010-12-25 sanasida arxivlangan), Christian Examiner

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