Mazalim
Maẓālim (arabcha: المظالم) VIII asrda Abbosiylar xalifaligi tomonidan qabul qilingan islomgacha boʻlgan davrdagi qadimiy muassasa. Mazalim sudlarining asosiy maqsadi oddiy odamlarning ehtiyojini qondirish edi[1]. Maẓalim yoki sulton sudi shurta yoki politsiya mahkamalaridan farq qilgan[2].
 Abbosiylar sulolasi bayrogʻi | |
| Abbosiylar hukumat instituti haqida umumiy maʼlumot | |
|---|---|
| Tashkil etilgan | 8-asr oxiri |
| Tugatilgan | 13-asr |
| Yurisdiksiya | Xalifalik |
| Shtab kvartira(lar) | |
| Abbosiylar hukumat instituti rahbarlari | |
Manbalar tahrir
- ↑ Duindam, J.; Harries, J.D.; Humfress, C.; Nimrod, H.. Law and Empire: Ideas, Practices, Actors, Rulers & Elites. Brill, 2013 — 40 bet. ISBN 978-90-04-24951-6. „the mazalim tribunals were an ancient institution that was adopted by the ʿabbasids in the eighth century. Its main purpose was to enable ordinary subjects to complain about the administrative elite of the empire.“
- ↑ Vikør, K.S.. Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2005 — 191 bet. ISBN 978-0-19-522398-9. „group them into two main types recognized by the adab literature: mazalim, or the sultan's court, and shurta, police courts.“
Adabiyotlar tahrir
- Tyan, Emile. Histoire de l'organisation judiciaire en pays d'Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1960.
- Nielsen, Jorgen. Secular Justice in an Islamic State: Maẓālim under the Baḥrī Mamlūks, 662/1264-789/1387. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1985.
- Tillier, Mathieu. Qādī-s and the political use of the mazālim jurisdiction under the ʿAbbāsids. In Maribel Fierro and Christian Lange (eds.), Public Violence in Islamic Societies: Power, Discipline, and the Construction of the Public Sphere, 7th-18th Centuries CE. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009, s. 42-66. Online: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/38/82/PDF/Tillier-Mazalim-Epreuves.pdf
- Tillier, Mathieu. The Maẓālim in Historiography. In A.M. Emon and R. Ahmed (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 357-380.
- van Berkel, Maaike. Embezzlement and reimbursement. Disciplining officials in ‘Abbāsid Baghdad (8th-10th centuries A.D.). International Journal of Public Administration, 34 (2011), s. 712-719.