Quturishga qarshi vaksina

Quturishga qarshi vaksina quturishni oldini olish uchun ishlatiladigan vaksina hisoblanadi^[1]. Xavfsiz va samarali boʻlgan bir nechta quturishga qarshi vaksinalar mavjud. Kasallikning oldini olish uchun vaksinalar quturish virusi taʼsirida oldin yoki taʼsir qilishdan keyingi yashirin davrda amalga oshirilishi kerak^[2]. Quturish virusining odamlarga yuqushi odatda yuqumli hayvonning tishlashi yoki tirnashi orqali sodir boʻladi, ammo zararlanish yuqumli odamning tupurigʻi bilan bilvosita aloqa qilish orqali sodir boʻlishi mumkin.

Dozalar odatda teri yoki mushak ichiga inyeksiya yoʻli bilan beriladi^[3]. Taʼsir qilgandan soʻng, emlash odatda quturish virusi immunoglobulinlari bilan birga qoʻllanadi. Taʼsir qilish xavfi yuqori boʻlganlarni potensial taʼsir qilishdan oldin emlash tavsiya etiladi. Quturishga qarshi vaksinalar odamlarda va boshqa hayvonlarda samarali boʻlib, itlarni emlash quturishning odamlarga tarqalishini oldini olishda juda samarali boʻladi. Virusga qarshi uzoq muddatli immunitet toʻliq davolash jarayonidan keyin rivojlanadi.

Quturishga qarshi vaksinalar barcha yosh guruhlari tomonidan xavfsiz ishlatilishi mumkin^[4].Taxminan 35-45 foizi inyeksiya joyida qisqa muddatli qizarish va ogʻriqnii paydo qiladi va 5-15 foiz odamlarga isitma, bosh ogʻrigʻi yoki koʻngil aynishi mumkin. Quturishga uchraganidan soʻng, uning qoʻllash uchun hech qanday kontrendikatsiya yoʻq, chunki davolanmagan virus deyarli 100% oʻlimga olib keladi^[5].

Birinchi quturishga qarshi vaksina 1885-yilda kiritilgan va 1908-yilda takomillashtirilgan versiyasi bilan kuzatilgan^[6]. Dunyo boʻylab millionlab odamlar virusga qarshi emlangan^[7]. U Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkilotining asosiy dori vositalari roʻyxatiga kiritilgan^[8]^[9].

Tibbiy maqsadlarda foydalanish

Taʼsir qilishdan oldin

Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti (JSS) kasallik xavfi yuqori boʻlganlarni, masalan, kasallik keng tarqalgan hududlarda yashovchi bolalarni emlashni tavsiya qiladi^[7]. Boshqa guruhlarga veterinariya shifokorlari, tadqiqotchilar yoki quturish keng tarqalgan hududlarga sayohat qilishni rejalashtirayotgan odamlarni oʻz ichiga oladi^[10]. Vaksinaning uch dozasi, yetti va yigirma bir yoki yigirma sakkiz kun va bir oy davomida beriladi^[11].

Chalinish xavfidan keyin

Virusga duch kelgan shaxslar uchun ikki hafta davomida toʻrt doza, shuningdek, quturish virusi immunoglobulinining birinchi dozasi bilan inyeksiya tavsiya etiladi^[12]. Bu kasallikka uchrashdan keyingi emlash deb ataladi. Ilgari emlangan odamlar uchun, faqat bir marta quturishga qarshi vaksina kerak boʻladi. Biroq, kasallikka chalinganidan keyin emlash quturishni davolash ham davo ham emas; agar virus miyaga yetib borgunga qadar berilsa, odamda quturish kasalligi rivojlanishinig oldini oladi. Quturish virusi nisbatan uzoq inkubatsion davrga ega boʻlgani uchun, taʼsir qilishdan keyingi emlashlar odatda juda samarali boʻladi^[7].

Qoʻshimcha dozalar

Dozalar kursidan keyin immunitet odatda uzoq davom etadi va agar odamda virusni yuqtirish xavfi yuqori boʻlmasa, qoʻshimcha dozalar odatda talab qilinmaydi^[7]. Xavf ostida boʻlganlar qonidagi quturish virusi antikorlar miqdorini oʻlchash uchun test oʻtkazishlari mumkin va keyin kerak boʻlganda quturishni kuchaytiruvchi vositalarni olishlari mumkin^[10]. Kuchaytiruvchi dozani qoʻllaganidan soʻng, bir tadqiqot shuni koʻrsatdiki, immunokompetent odamlarning 97 foizi oʻn yildan keyin neytrallashtiruvchi antikorlarning himoya darajasini koʻrsatadi^[13].

Tarixi

1885-yilda ikki fransuz olimlari, Lui Paster va Emil Ru birinchi marta quturishga qarshi vaksina yaratmagunlaricha quturish bilan kasallangan deyarli barcha infektsiyalar oʻlimga olib keldi. Toʻqqiz yashar Jozef Meister (1876-1940), quturgan it tomonidan kaltaklangan, bu vaksinaning birinchi odami edi^[14]. Davolanish 1885-yil 6-iyul kuni soat 20: 00 da teri ostiga inyeksiya bilan boshlandi va keyingi 10 kun davomida 12 ta qoʻshimcha doza qoʻllandi. Birinchi inyeksiya 15 kun oldin quturishdan oʻlgan emlangan quyonning orqa miyasidan olingan. Barcha dozalar susaytirish yoʻli bilan olingan, ammo keyinchalik dozalari tobora virulentroq boʻlgan^[15].

Pasteur-Roux vaksinasi yigʻilgan virus namunalarini besh kundan oʻn kungacha quritishga imkon berdi. Baʼzi mamlakatlarda hali ham shu kabi asab hujayralaridan olingan vaksinalar ishlatiladi va ular zamonaviy hujayralar oʻsimligi vaksinalaridan ancha arzon boʻlsa-da, ular unchalik samarali emas^[16]. Nerv toʻqimalariga qarshi vaksinalar ham nevrologik asoratlarning maʼlum bir xavfini oʻz ichiga oladi.

Manbalar

↑ Cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|date=2018|issue=16|volume=93|pages=201–19|author-link=World Health Organization|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf%7Caccess-date=28 August 2022|archivedate=7 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf}}
↑ "Rabies re-examined". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2 (6): 327–343. June 2002. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00287-6. PMID 12144896.
↑ "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (16): 201–19. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2022. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]
↑ "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (16): 201–19. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2022. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]
↑ „Rabies 99.9% fatal, but highly preventable —PCP“ (en). GMA News Online (2023-yil 10-oktyabr). 2023-yil 11-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 14-oktyabr.
↑ Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. Springer, 2014 — 63-bet. ISBN 9783662450246.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (16): 201–19. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2022. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]World Health Organization (2018).
↑ . World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
↑ . World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
↑ ^10,0 ^10,1 „Preexposure Vaccinations“. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011-yil 22-aprel). 2019-yil 23-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 19-noyabr.
↑ „Preexposure Vaccinations“. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011-yil 22-aprel). 2019-yil 23-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 19-noyabr.
↑ „Rabies Vaccine Information Statement“. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2022-yil iyun). 2019-yil 6-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 27-sentyabr.
↑ "An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on travellers and rabies vaccine". Canada Communicable Disease Report 28 (ACS-4): 1–12. March 2002. PMID 11889905. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200831223415/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/H12-21-2-28-4.pdf. Qaraldi: 7 January 2020. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]
↑ "Pasteur's work on rabies: reexamining the ethical issues". The Hastings Center Report (The Hastings Center) 8 (2): 26–33. April 1978. doi:10.2307/3560403. PMID 348641.
↑ "Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure". Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2 (2): 5. March 2017. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2020005. PMID 30270864. PMC 6082082. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6082082.
↑ "Rabies vaccine prepared in human cell cultures: progress and perspectives". Reviews of Infectious Diseases 2 (3): 433–448. 1980. doi:10.1093/clinids/2.3.433. PMID 6158081.

Tashqi havolalar

„Imovax“. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2019-yil 16-dekabr).
„RabAvert - Rabies Vaccine“. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2019-yil 19-dekabr).
Quturishga qarshi vaksinalar AQSh Milliy Tibbiyot KutubxonasidaTibbiy fanlar (MeSh)

[1] Cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018|journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record|date=2018|issue=16|volume=93|pages=201–19|author-link=World Health Organization|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf%7Caccess-date=28 August 2022|archivedate=7 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf}}

[:02-2] "Rabies re-examined". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 2 (6): 327–343. June 2002. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00287-6. PMID 12144896.

[3] "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (16): 201–19. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2022. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]

[4] "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (16): 201–19. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2022. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]

[5] „Rabies 99.9% fatal, but highly preventable —PCP“ (en). GMA News Online (2023-yil 10-oktyabr). 2023-yil 11-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 14-oktyabr.

[6] Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. Springer, 2014 — 63-bet. ISBN 9783662450246.

[WHO2018-7] 7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record 93 (16): 201–19. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221007232538/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9316-201-219.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2022. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]World Health Organization (2018).

[WHO21st-8] . World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[WHO22nd-9] . World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.

[K-10] 10,0 ^10,1 „Preexposure Vaccinations“. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011-yil 22-aprel). 2019-yil 23-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 19-noyabr.

[11] „Preexposure Vaccinations“. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011-yil 22-aprel). 2019-yil 23-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 19-noyabr.

[12] „Rabies Vaccine Information Statement“. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2022-yil iyun). 2019-yil 6-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 27-sentyabr.

[13] "An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on travellers and rabies vaccine". Canada Communicable Disease Report 28 (ACS-4): 1–12. March 2002. PMID 11889905. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200831223415/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/H12-21-2-28-4.pdf. Qaraldi: 7 January 2020. Quturishga qarshi vaksina]]

[14] "Pasteur's work on rabies: reexamining the ethical issues". The Hastings Center Report (The Hastings Center) 8 (2): 26–33. April 1978. doi:10.2307/3560403. PMID 348641.

[15] "Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure". Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2 (2): 5. March 2017. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2020005. PMID 30270864. PMC 6082082. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6082082.

[Plotkin1980-16] "Rabies vaccine prepared in human cell cultures: progress and perspectives". Reviews of Infectious Diseases 2 (3): 433–448. 1980. doi:10.1093/clinids/2.3.433. PMID 6158081.

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