Torgut oyrat

Torgut, shuningdek, Torgʻud deb ham yoziladi, Shinjonda, Gʻarbiy Moʻgʻulistonda va Sharqiy Qalmogʻistonda soʻzlashuvchi oyrat tilining lahjasidir (bu yerda u oʻsha mintaqaning adabiy tili boʻlgan qalmiq tiliga asos boʻlgan^[1]). Ushbu til oyratning boshqa tillariga qaraganda ko'proq so`zlashuvchilariga ega.^[2] Bu til Xitoydagi boshqa oyrat tillariga qaraganda yaxshiroq o'rganilgan.^[3]

Tarqalishi

Torgut lahjasidan Rossiyadagi Sharqiy Qalmogʻistonda,^[4] Moʻgʻulistonning Xovd viloyatidagi Bulgan sumida^[5] va Xitoyda Shinjon avtonom viloyatining shimoli-gʻarbiy qismidagi uchta alohida hududda foydalaniladi.^[6] Shinjonning oyrat (koʻp hollarda torgut tilida) soʻzlashadigan hududlarining toʻliq roʻyxatini quyidagicha: Bayangol va Bortala avtonom prefekturalari, Xoboksar va Dörbiljin okruglari hamda Tachengdagi Vusu shahri, Ili prefekturasidagi Kuriye, Tekes va Nilka tumanlari, Oltoy, Hamil va Changji prefekturalari hamda Shinjon poytaxti Ürümchi.^[7] Bu darajada keng tarqalishni Torgut oyrat qabilalarining tarixda "Dorben oyrat" klan fedratsiyasining a'zosi bo`lganligi bilan bog`lash mumkin.^[8]

Grammatika

Fonologiya

Torgutda qisqa yoki uzun boʻlgan /a, o, u/ va /e, i, ɵ, y, æ/^[9] unli fonemalari mavjud.^[10] Bu unlilar soʻzning birinchi boʻgʻinida kelganda singarmonizmga uchraydi. Masalan Yozma moʻgʻulcha talbigun, xalxa -moʻgʻulcha "talbiun", Torgut [tælbyː] 'keng'. Biroq, birinchi bo`g`inda kelmagan /iː/ va /æː/ unlilari neytral unlilardir. /oː/, /ɵː/ va /eː/ hech qachon soʻzning birinchi boʻgʻinidan keyingi o`rinlardan kelmaydi.^[11] Undoshlar harflari: /m, n, nʲ, ŋ, b, t, d, k g ts, tʃ, dʒ, s, z, ʃ, x, l, lʲ, r, j/.^[12]

Manbalar

↑ Bläsing 2003: 229
↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 398
↑ Bulaγ-a 2005: 11ff.
↑ Svantesson et al. 2005: 148
↑ Coloo 1988: 3
↑ Svantesson et al. 2005: 141
↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 397. Sečenbaγatur et al. talk about the distribution of Oirat in China in general, but following Svantesson et al. 2005: 148, it is presumed here that Xinjiang Oirat is Torgut. Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 187-188 also point to the fact that the Oirat spoken in Xinjiang is separate in that it is less influenced by Mongolian proper than other dialects of Oirat spoken in China. In the above article, it was assumed that "Qaranusu" which is either a county or a city (Mongolian "siyen qota") is the original Mongolian name of "Wusu".
↑ Bläsing 2003: 229, Birtalan 2003: 210
↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 399, but we write /o/ and /u/ instead of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ in accordance with an observation by Bulaγ-a 2005: 27 who nevertheless keeps on writing /ɔ/ and /ʊ/. The notation /o/ and /u/ is more in line with Svantesson et al. 2005: 149, 179
↑ This analysis follows Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005. Svantesson et al. 2005 would instead claim that there are phonemic and non-phonemic vowels in non-initial syllables.
↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 405-408
↑ Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 408. Bulaγ-a 2005: 48-51 also gives /p/ and /ɢ/, but she doesn't present any evidence for /p/ and evidence from Coloo 1988: 71, 373 suggests that ɢ is phonemic in Dörbet and some other varieties, but not in Torgut (as spoken in Mongolia). Furthermore, it is not clear whether there is indeed a distinction of voicing or, as Svantesson et al. 2005: 149 speculate, rather of aspiration.

Adabiyotlar

Birtalan, Ágnes (2003): Oirat. In: Janxunen 2003: 210-228.
Bläsing, Uwe (2003): Kalmuck. In: Janxunen 2003: 229-247.
Bulayg-a (2005): Oyirad ayalgyu-yin sudulul. Ürümči: Sinǰiyang-un arad-un kebel-ün qoriy-a.
Kolo, Ž. (1965): Zahčny aman ajalguu. Ulan-Bator: SHUA.
Kolo, Ž. (1988): BNMAU dah' mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: ojrd ajalguu. Ulan-Bator: SHUA.
Janxunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): Mo'g'ul tillari. London: Routledge.
Sečenbagatur, Qasgerel, Tuyag-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe (2005): Monggul kelen-ü nutug-un ayalgun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal. Kokeqota: Öbür monggul-un arad-un kebel-ün qoriy-a.
Svantesson, Yan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasiya Karlsson, Vivan Franzen (2005): Mo'g'ul tilining fonologiyasi. Nyu-York: Oksford universiteti nashriyoti.

[1] Bläsing 2003: 229

[2] Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 398

[3] Bulaγ-a 2005: 11ff.

[4] Svantesson et al. 2005: 148

[5] Coloo 1988: 3

[6] Svantesson et al. 2005: 141

[7] Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 397. Sečenbaγatur et al. talk about the distribution of Oirat in China in general, but following Svantesson et al. 2005: 148, it is presumed here that Xinjiang Oirat is Torgut. Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 187-188 also point to the fact that the Oirat spoken in Xinjiang is separate in that it is less influenced by Mongolian proper than other dialects of Oirat spoken in China. In the above article, it was assumed that "Qaranusu" which is either a county or a city (Mongolian "siyen qota") is the original Mongolian name of "Wusu".

[8] Bläsing 2003: 229, Birtalan 2003: 210

[9] Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 399, but we write /o/ and /u/ instead of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ in accordance with an observation by Bulaγ-a 2005: 27 who nevertheless keeps on writing /ɔ/ and /ʊ/. The notation /o/ and /u/ is more in line with Svantesson et al. 2005: 149, 179

[10] This analysis follows Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005. Svantesson et al. 2005 would instead claim that there are phonemic and non-phonemic vowels in non-initial syllables.

[11] Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 405-408

[12] Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 408. Bulaγ-a 2005: 48-51 also gives /p/ and /ɢ/, but she doesn't present any evidence for /p/ and evidence from Coloo 1988: 71, 373 suggests that ɢ is phonemic in Dörbet and some other varieties, but not in Torgut (as spoken in Mongolia). Furthermore, it is not clear whether there is indeed a distinction of voicing or, as Svantesson et al. 2005: 149 speculate, rather of aspiration.

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