Xitoyda qishloq xo'jaligi

Xitoyda birinchi navbatda guruch, bug'doy, kartoshka, pomidor, jo'xori, yeryong'oq, choy, tariq, arpa, paxta, moyli o'simliklar, makkajo'xori va soya yetishtiriladi.

Tarix

Xitoy tarixi davomida dehqonchilikning rivojlanishi bugungi kunda dunyodagi eng katta aholi sonining o'sishini qo'llab-quvvatlashda muhim rol o'ynadi.

Arxeologiya

Professor Liu Li va boshqalarning tosh qurollari tahlili shuni ko'rsatdiki, ovchilar 23, 000-19, 500 yil oldin yovvoyi o'simliklarni keyinchalik tariq va guruch uchun ishlatiladigan asboblar bilan maydalashgan. ^[1]

Mahalliy tariq navlari Panicum miliaceum va Setaria italica Shimoliy Xitoyda paydo bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. ^[2] Xonakilashtirilgan tariq qoldiqlari Shimoliy Xitoyning Xinglonggou, Yuezhang, Dadivan, Cishan va bir nechta Peiligang joylarida topilgan. Bu joylar miloddan avvalgi 7250-6050 yillarni qamrab oladi. ^[3] Bu joylarda iste'mol qilinadigan xonaki tariq miqdori boshqa o'simliklarga nisbatan ancha kam edi. Miloddan avvalgi 7200-6400 yillarda Xinglonggouda tariq barcha o'simlik qoldiqlarining atigi 15 foizini tashkil qilgan; 2050-1550 yillarga kelib 99% gacha o'zgargan nisbat. ^[4] Tajribalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, tariq o'sishi uchun inson aralashuvi juda kam bo'ladi, ya'ni arxeologik ma'lumotlarda tariq yetishtirilganligini ko'rsatadigan aniq o'zgarishlar mavjud emas. ^[3]

Xitoyning sharqiy qismidagi eng qadimgi neolit davri bo'lgan Kuaxuqiaoda olib borilgan qazishmalar 7700 yil avval guruch yetishtirishni hujjatlashtirgan. ^[5] O'simlik qoldiqlarining qariyb yarmi xonaki yaponiya turlariga tegishli bo'lsa, qolgan yarmi guruchning yovvoyi turlari edi. Ehtimol, Kuaxuqiaodagi odamlar yovvoyi turni ham etishtirgan. ^[3] Xemud madaniyati ( tax. 5500-3300 yillar) Sian yaqinidagi Yuyao va Banpoda topilgan tosh va suyaklardan tariq va belkurak kabi asboblar mavjud. Tyanluoshanning Hemudu o'lkasida (miloddan avvalgi 5000-4500 yillar) o'troq guruch dehqonchiligining dalillari topilgan, guruch Xitoyning janubidagi Majiabang madaniyati tomonidan qishloq xo'jaligi iqtisodiyotining asosiga aylangan. ^[6] Buyuk tarixchining yozuvlariga ko'ra, tarixiy davrlarda ba'zi mahkum ayollarga "don upasi" jazosi berilgan ( xitoycha: 刑舂 tatuirovka yoki oyoqni kesish kabi jiddiyroq jismoniy jazoga muqobil sifatida. Ba'zi olimlarning fikricha, bu og'ir mehnat jazolarining to'rt yoki besh yillik chegaralari imperator Venning huquqiy islohotlari bilan boshlangan. ^[7]

Xitoy mifologiyasida qishloq xo'jaligi bilan bog'liq uzoq an'ana ham mavjud. Professor Franklin Xiram King o'zining "Doimiy qishloq xo'jaligi: qirq asr dehqonlari" (1911) kitobida Xitoyning an'anaviy dehqonchilik amaliyoti qadriyatlarini tasvirlab berdi va ulug'ladi. ^[8]

↑ Liu, Li; Bestel, Sheahan; Shi, Jinming; Song, Yanhua; Chen, Xingcan (2013). "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China". PNAS 110 (14): 5380–5385. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217864110. PMID 23509257. PMC 3619325. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3619325.
↑ The Cambridge World History Volume 2: A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500 CE — 317-bet.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Liu, Li „Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals“, . The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). "Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals". The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "liuli" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Zhao Zhijun (赵志军). {{{title}}} (南京师范大学文博系): . Wenwu Chubanshe, 2004 — 188–199-bet.
↑ Zong, Y; When, Z; Innes, JB; Chen, C; Wang, Z; Wang, H (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China". Nature 449 (7161): 459–62. doi:10.1038/nature06135. PMID 17898767.
↑ Liu, Li „Chapter 6: Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic (5000-3000 BC)“, . The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.
↑ Ch'ien, Ssu-ma. The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X: Volume X: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 3. Indiana University Press, 2016 — 171-bet. ISBN 978-0253020697. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 6-avgust.
↑ Paull, John (2011) "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180

[paleo-1] Liu, Li; Bestel, Sheahan; Shi, Jinming; Song, Yanhua; Chen, Xingcan (2013). "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China". PNAS 110 (14): 5380–5385. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217864110. PMID 23509257. PMC 3619325. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3619325.

[2] The Cambridge World History Volume 2: A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500 CE — 317-bet.

[liuli-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Liu, Li „Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals“, . The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). "Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals". The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "liuli" defined multiple times with different content

[zhao-4] Zhao Zhijun (赵志军). {{{title}}} (南京师范大学文博系): . Wenwu Chubanshe, 2004 — 188–199-bet.

[5] Zong, Y; When, Z; Innes, JB; Chen, C; Wang, Z; Wang, H (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China". Nature 449 (7161): 459–62. doi:10.1038/nature06135. PMID 17898767.

[liuli2-6] Liu, Li „Chapter 6: Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic (5000-3000 BC)“, . The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.

[7] Ch'ien, Ssu-ma. The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X: Volume X: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 3. Indiana University Press, 2016 — 171-bet. ISBN 978-0253020697. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 6-avgust.

[King40-8] Paull, John (2011) "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180

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