Xulq-atvorga qaramlik

Xulq-atvorga qaramlik (kimyoviy boʻlmagan giyohvandlik) — bunda psixoaktiv modda emas, balki xulq-atvor shakli qaramlik ob’ektiga aylanadi.

Har qanday giyohvandlikda boʻlgani kabi, xulq-atvorga qaramlikning ham universal tarkibiy qismlari boʻlishi muhimdir, masalan, „ustun qiymat“, olib tashlash sindromi, kayfiyatning oʻzgarishi, bagʻrikenglikning kuchayishi, shaxslararo va shaxsiy nizolar va tez-tez takrorlanishlar^[1].

Umumiy xususiyatlar

Xulq-atvor va kimyoviy qaramlikning umumiy jihatlari juda koʻp: rivojlanish jarayoni, fenomenologiya va salbiy taʼsirlar. Ikkalasi ham oʻsmirlik va yoshlik davrida boshlanadi va bu yosh guruhlarida keksalarga qaraganda yuqori koʻrsatkichlarga ega.^[2] Ikkalasi ham surunkali, qaytalanuvchi naqshlarni koʻrsatishi mumkin boʻlgan tabiiy rivojlanish kursiga ega, ammo rasmiy davolanishsiz oʻz-oʻzidan tiklanish holatlari („spontan“ muvaffaqiyatsizlik deb ataladi)^[3].

Xulq-atvorga qaram boʻlgan koʻplab odamlar, moddani ishlatishdan oldin kimyoviy giyohvandlik bilan ogʻrigan odamlar kabi, maʼlum bir xatti-harakat boshlanishidan oldin ishtiyoq yoki ishtiyoq holati haqida xabar berishadi. Bundan tashqari, bunday xatti-harakatlar koʻpincha tashvishlarni kamaytiradi, ijobiy kayfiyat, yengillik hissi yoki psixoaktiv moddalar bilan zaharlanishga oʻxshash „lazzat“ ga olib keladi. Xulq-atvor, ham kimyoviy qaramlikdagi ishtiyoqni kuchaytirishi mumkin.

Qimor oʻyinlari, kleptomaniya, majburiy jinsiy xulq-atvor va oniomaniya bilan ogʻrigan koʻplab odamlar takroriy xatti-harakatlar bilan kayfiyatga ijobiy taʼsirlarning kamayishi yoki bir xil taʼsirga erishish uchun xatti-harakatlarning intensivligini oshirish zarurati haqida xabar berishadi^[4]^[5]^[6]. Ushbu xulq-atvorga moyil boʻlgan koʻplab odamlar, shuningdek, giyohvandlik xatti-harakatlaridan voz kechganda, disforiya haqida xabar berishadi. Biroq, psixofaol moddalarni ixtiyoriy ravishda olib tashlashdan farqli oʻlaroq, xulq-atvorga qaramliklarda fiziologik ahamiyatga ega yoki tibbiy jihatdan jiddiy olib tashlash holatlari haqida xabarlar yoʻq.

Tasniflash

Xulq-atvorga qaramlikning birinchi rus tasnifi rus psixiatri Ts. P. Korolenko tomonidan taklif qilingan. . U xatti-harakatlarga bogʻliqlikning quyidagi turlarini ajratib koʻrsatdi^[7] :

patologik qimor oʻyinlari
erotik qaramliklar (sevgiga qaramlik, jinsiy qaramlik, sevgi-jinsiy qaramlik)
„ijtimoiy jihatdan maqbul“ giyohvandlik (ishchanlik, sportga qaramlik, shopaholizm, tanani oʻzgartirishga qaramlik, diniy qaramlik)
texnologiyaga qaramlik (internetga qaramlik, mobil telefonga qaramlik, boshqa texnologiyaga qaramlik)
oziq-ovqatga qaramlik (ortiqcha ovqatlanish, ochlikka qaramlik)

Biologik mexanizmlar

Giyohvandlikning asosiy biologik mexanizmi ventral tegmental maydon, yadro akumbenslari, orbitofrontal korteksning faollashuvini oʻz ichiga oladi va buzilgan dopamin ishlab chiqarish bilan bogʻliq. Xulq-atvorga qaramlikni mukofotlash tizimidagi buzilish oqibati deb hisoblash mumkin. Dofamin etishmasligi tufayli miya kerakli miqdordagi dopamin ishlab chiqarishga olib keladigan va zavq keltiradigan almashtirish harakatini qidirishga aylanadi^[8].

Kimyoviy boʻlmagan giyohvandlikning shakllanishida irsiy omil mavjud (genetik darajada bu patologiyaning taxminan 12-20 % xavfi), lekin asosiy rolni ekologik omil oʻynaydi.

Davolash

Terapiya ikkita parallel turdan iborat: psixoterapiya, farmakoterapiya . Psixoterapiyada CBT va 12 bosqich eng samarali hisoblanadi. Farmakoterapiya haqida gapirishdan oldin, shuni taʼkidlash kerakki, hozirgi vaqtda xulq-atvorga qaramlikni davolash uchun tasdiqlangan dorilar yoʻq, ammo giyohvand moddalarni isteʼmol qilish kasalliklarini davolashda yaxshi natijalarni koʻrsatgan baʼzi dorilar ham xatti-harakatlarga qaramlikni davolashda istiqbolli natijalarni koʻrsatmoqda. Farmakoterapiyada dopaminning normal sintezini taʼminlaydigan dori tanlash qoʻllanadi (antidepressantlar, kayfiyat stabilizatorlari, agonistlar va opioid retseptorlari antagonistlari).

Yana qarang

Odat

Manbalar

↑ E C Wragg, George Brown. EXPLAINING. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1993. ISBN 978-0-203-30847-9.
↑ R. Andrew Chambers, Marc N. Potenza. {{{заглавие}}} // Journal of Gambling Studies. — 2003. — Т. 19, вып. 1. — С. 53–84. — ISSN 1050-5350. — DOI:10.1023/a:1021275130071.
↑ Wendy S. Slutske. {{{заглавие}}} // American Journal of Psychiatry. — 2006-02. — Т. 163, вып. 2. — С. 297–302. — ISSN 1535-7228&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 0002-953X, 1535-7228. — DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.297.
↑ Carlos Blanco, Paula Moreyra, Edward V. Nunes, Jer[oacute]nimo S[aacute]iz-Ruiz, Angela Ib[aacute][ntilde]ez. Pathological gambling: Addiction or compulsion? // Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. — 2001-07. — Т. 6, вып. 3. — С. 167–176. — ISSN 1084-3612. — DOI:10.1053/scnp.2001.22921.
↑ Jon E. Grant, Judson A. Brewer, Marc N. Potenza. The Neurobiology of Substance and Behavioral Addictions // CNS Spectrums. — 2006-12. — Т. 11, вып. 12. — С. 924–930. — ISSN 2165-6509&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 1092-8529, 2165-6509. — DOI:10.1017/s109285290001511x.
↑ Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Potenza. Gender-related Differences in Individuals Seeking Treatment for Kleptomania // CNS Spectrums. — 2008-03. — Т. 13, вып. 3. — С. 235–245. — ISSN 2165-6509&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 1092-8529, 2165-6509. — DOI:10.1017/s1092852900028492.
↑ А. Ю. Егоров. „Нехимические (поведенческие) аддикции (обзор)“. Narcom.ru. 27-sentabr 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2020-yil.
↑ Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Potenza, Aviv Weinstein, David A. Gorelick. Introduction to Behavioral Addictions // The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. — 2010-08. — Т. 36, вып. 5. — С. 233–241. — ISSN 1097-9891&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 0095-2990, 1097-9891. — DOI:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884.

[1] E C Wragg, George Brown. EXPLAINING. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1993. ISBN 978-0-203-30847-9.

[2] R. Andrew Chambers, Marc N. Potenza. {{{заглавие}}} // Journal of Gambling Studies. — 2003. — Т. 19, вып. 1. — С. 53–84. — ISSN 1050-5350. — DOI:10.1023/a:1021275130071.

[3] Wendy S. Slutske. {{{заглавие}}} // American Journal of Psychiatry. — 2006-02. — Т. 163, вып. 2. — С. 297–302. — ISSN 1535-7228&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 0002-953X, 1535-7228. — DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.297.

[4] Carlos Blanco, Paula Moreyra, Edward V. Nunes, Jer[oacute]nimo S[aacute]iz-Ruiz, Angela Ib[aacute][ntilde]ez. Pathological gambling: Addiction or compulsion? // Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. — 2001-07. — Т. 6, вып. 3. — С. 167–176. — ISSN 1084-3612. — DOI:10.1053/scnp.2001.22921.

[5] Jon E. Grant, Judson A. Brewer, Marc N. Potenza. The Neurobiology of Substance and Behavioral Addictions // CNS Spectrums. — 2006-12. — Т. 11, вып. 12. — С. 924–930. — ISSN 2165-6509&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 1092-8529, 2165-6509. — DOI:10.1017/s109285290001511x.

[6] Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Potenza. Gender-related Differences in Individuals Seeking Treatment for Kleptomania // CNS Spectrums. — 2008-03. — Т. 13, вып. 3. — С. 235–245. — ISSN 2165-6509&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 1092-8529, 2165-6509. — DOI:10.1017/s1092852900028492.

[7] А. Ю. Егоров. „Нехимические (поведенческие) аддикции (обзор)“. Narcom.ru. 27-sentabr 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2020-yil.

[8] Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Potenza, Aviv Weinstein, David A. Gorelick. Introduction to Behavioral Addictions // The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. — 2010-08. — Т. 36, вып. 5. — С. 233–241. — ISSN 1097-9891&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false 0095-2990, 1097-9891. — DOI:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884.

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