Yesa bo'ladigan lishayniklar

Yesa bo'ladigan lishayniklar oziq-ovqat sifatida foydalanishning madaniy tarixiga ega lishayniklardir. Garchi deyarli barcha lishayniklar yeyish mumkin bo'lsa-da ( bo'ri lishayniklari, kukunli quyosh lishayniklarilari va tuproq lishayniklarilari kabi muhim zaharli istisnolardan tashqari), ularning hammasi ham yeyish mumkin boʻlgan lishaynik sifatida foydalanishning madaniy tarixiga ega emas. ^[1] ^[2] Ko'pincha lishayniklar o'ta muhim paytida iste'mol qilinadigan ochlikni qondiruvchi ovqatidir, lekin ba'zi madaniyatlarda lishayniklar asosiy oziq-ovqat yoki hatto noziklik hisoblanadi.

Foydalanadi

Dunyo bo'ylab lishayniklarning ko'p turlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, faqat bir nechta lishaynik turlarigina iste'mol qilinadigan va har qanday oziqovqat o'rnini bosadi.^[3] Lishayniklarni iste'mol qilishda tez-tez duch keladigan ikkita muammo shundaki, ular odatda engil zaharli ikkilamchi birikmalarni o'z ichiga oladi va lishaynik polisaxaridlari odatda odamlar oshqozonida hazm bo'lmaydi. Ko'pgina insoniyat madaniyatlari ushbu muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun tayyorgarlik usullarini kashf etdilar. Ikkilamchi birikmalarni olib tashlash uchun lishayniklar ko'pincha yaxshilab yuviladi, qaynatiladi yoki kul suvida namlanadi.

Ushbu sohadagi so'nggi tahlillar asosan Xitoyda topilgan yeyish mumkin boʻlgan lishaynikning 15 turini aniqladi^[4] . O'zining rezinaga o'xshash mustahkamligi tufayli Xitoyda odamlar yeyish mumkin boʻlgan lishayniklarni qovuradilar, qaynatadilar va bosim ostida pishiradilar.^[5] Bundan tashqari, yeyish mumkin boʻlgan lishayniklarni choy kabi ichimliklar qilish mumkin.^[6]

O'tmishda Islandiya moxi Shimoliy Yevropa va Skandinaviyada muhim odamlar uchun taom bo'lib, non, bo'tqa, puding, sho'rva yoki salat kabi turli xil usullarda pishirilgan. Bryoria fremontii Shimoliy Amerikaning ba'zi qismlarida muhim oziq-ovqat bo'lib, u yerda odatda pishirilgan. Bu hatto Secwepemc hikoyasida ham tasvirlangan. Kiyik lishaynik Arktikadagi bug'u va karibularning asosiy oziq-ovqatidir. Shimoliy Amerika va Sibirdagi shimoliy xalqlar an'anaviy ravishda qisman hazm boʻlgan lishaynikni o'ldirilgan karibuning qorin bo'shlig'idan olib tashlaganidan keyin eyishadi. Bu ko'pincha "oshqozon muzqaymoq" deb ataladi. Toshli uchburchak Shimoliy Amerikada tez-tez favqulodda oziq-ovqat sifatida ishlatiladigan lishaynikdir.

Umbilicaria lishaynik turlaridan biri, Iwa-take turli xil an'anaviy koreys va yapon taomlarida ishlatiladi. Bu juda qimmat va qoyalarning chetidan yig'iladi.

Hindiston, Yaqin Sharq va Nigerda Rimelia reticulata, Ramalina conduplicans va Parmotrema tinctorum ziravorlar va lazzat kuchaytirgichlar sifatida ishlatiladi.^[7] Ziravorlar va lazzat kuchaytirgichlar yeyish mumkin boʻlgan lishayniklarni suvsizlantirish jarayoni orqali tayyorlanadi.^[8] Keyin suvsizlangan lishaynik qayta ishlanadi va maxsus ziravorlar va lazzat kuchaytirgichlarga aylanadi. Hindistonda Parmotrema perlatum lishayniklari ko'plab ziravorlar aralashmalarining mashhur tarkibiy qismidir, masalan, garam masala, kaala masala va goda masala, Haydaroboddagi bxojvar masala va Uttar-Pradeshdagi potli masala . Liken odatda oshpazlar tomonidan o'ziga xos ta'mi yoki aromati yo'q deb ta'riflanadi, ammo pishirishning turli usullari orqali u ko'plab taomlarning boy aromatik profili va umami ta'miga hissa qo'shadi.^[9]

Shimoliy Hindiston yarimorolidagi Limbu va Rai aholisi bir nechta lishaynik turlarini noziklik va ko'paytirish agenti deb hisoblashadi. Etnobotaniklar Limbu va Sherpa xalqini Brahmin, Chxetri va Tamang xalqlariga nisbatan mintaqadagi eng likenofil deb atashadi.^[10] Sargyangma, qiyma cho'chqa go'shti, cho'chqa ichaklari, cho'chqa yog'i, cho'chqa go'shti qoni, tuxum, liken, guruch va ziravorlardan tashkil topgan kolbasa turi eng mashhur Limbu taomidir.^[11]^[12]

Yesa bo'ladigan lishayniklar ro'yxati

O'z oilalari bo'yicha guruhlangan yeyish mumkin boʻlgan lishayniklarga misollar:

Cladonaceae

Cladonia rangiferina — bug'u lishaynigi ^[13] (asosan alp tundrasi hududlarida)
Cladonia evansii ^[2]

Parmeliaceae

Cetraria islandica — Islandiya moxi ( Alyaska, Kanada, Islandiya, Britaniya orollari, Appalachi tog'lari ) ^[14] ^:106
Bryoria fremontii — wila
Parmelia perlata — kalpasi yoki qora tosh gul (butun moʻʼtadil Shimoliy va Janubiy yarimsharlarda) ^[15]

Ramalinaceae

Ramalina farinacea — farinoz xaftaga lishaynigi ^[15]
Ramalina konduplikanlar ^[15]

Umbilicariaceae

Umbilicaria — toshli ishkal ^[2]

Yana qarang

Etnolikenologiya

Ma'lumotnomalar

↑ „Lichens – Did you know?“. USDA. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 23-fevral.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 „Reindeer moss“. Eat the Weeds (2011-yil 31-avgust). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 23-fevral.
↑ Zhao, Yingshu; Wang, Mingfu; Xu, B. (2021). "A comprehensive review on secondary metabolites and health-promoting effects of edible lichen" (en). Journal of Functional Foods 80: 104283. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.104283.
↑ Zheng, Yu; Xiao, Chao-Jiang; Guo, Kai; Wang, Ying; Liu, Yan; Luo, Shi-Hong; Li, Xiao-Nian; Li, Sheng-Hong (2018-02-21). "Lobarioid A, unusual antibacterial depsidone possessing an eight-membered diether ring from the edible lichen Lobaria sp." (en). Tetrahedron Letters 59 (8): 743–746. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.027. ISSN 0040-4039. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040403918300388.
↑ Choi, Ra-Yeong; Ham, Ju Ri; Yeo, Jiyoung; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Park, Seok-Kyu; Kim, Myung-Joo; Lee, Mi-Kyung (December 2017). "Anti-obesity property of lichen Thamnolia vermicularis extract in 3T3-L1 cells and diet-induced obese mice". Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 22 (4): 285–292. doi:10.3746/pnf.2017.22.4.285. ISSN 2287-1098. PMID 29333380. PMC 5758091. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5758091.
↑ Xu, Baojun; Li, Chantian; Sung, Changkeun (2014). "Telomerase inhibitory effects of medicinal mushrooms and lichens, and their anticancer activity". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 16 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v16.i1.20. ISSN 1940-4344. PMID 24940901. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24940901/.
↑ Kanwar, Amrinder J.; De, Dipankar (2010). "Lichen planus in children" (en-IN). Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 76 (4): 366–372. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.66581. PMID 20657116. https://ijdvl.com/lichen-planus-in-children/. Qaraldi: 2021-05-22. Yesa bo'ladigan lishayniklar]]
↑ Nubie. „It's 1,000 years old; it's edible; and it's on your property“ (en-US). Off the Grid News (2018-yil 9-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 22-may.
↑ Mani, Priya (2020), „Stone Curry: P. perlatum as a Secret Spice in Indian food“ (PDF), Oxford Food Symposium
↑ Devkota, Shiva; Chaudhary, Ram Prasad; Werth, Silke; Scheidegger, Christoph (2017-02-21). "Indigenous knowledge and use of lichens by the lichenophilic communities of the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 13 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0142-2. ISSN 1746-4269. PMID 28222809. PMC 5320728. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0142-2.
↑ Tuesday. „Noyoz | Review | Nepali Times“. archive.nepalitimes.com. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 6-sentyabr.
↑ Subba, J. (2008) History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim, Gyan, p.133
↑ Wiseman, J.. The SAS Survival Handbook, 3nd, Collins Harvill, 2014. ISBN 978-006238671-7.
↑ Angier, Bradford. Field Guide to Edible Plants, 1974. ISBN 9780811720182.
↑ ^15,0 ^15,1 ^15,2 Bhattarai, Thakur P.D.; Subba, Dilip; Subba, R. (May 1999). "Nutritional value of some edible lichens of East Nepal". Angewandte Botanik 73 (1): 11–14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295957024.

Manba xatosi: <ref> tag with name "Etkin" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

[usfs_lichen-1] „Lichens – Did you know?“. USDA. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 23-fevral.

[etw_reindeermoss-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 „Reindeer moss“. Eat the Weeds (2011-yil 31-avgust). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 23-fevral.

[3] Zhao, Yingshu; Wang, Mingfu; Xu, B. (2021). "A comprehensive review on secondary metabolites and health-promoting effects of edible lichen" (en). Journal of Functional Foods 80: 104283. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.104283.

[4] Zheng, Yu; Xiao, Chao-Jiang; Guo, Kai; Wang, Ying; Liu, Yan; Luo, Shi-Hong; Li, Xiao-Nian; Li, Sheng-Hong (2018-02-21). "Lobarioid A, unusual antibacterial depsidone possessing an eight-membered diether ring from the edible lichen Lobaria sp." (en). Tetrahedron Letters 59 (8): 743–746. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.027. ISSN 0040-4039. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040403918300388.

[5] Choi, Ra-Yeong; Ham, Ju Ri; Yeo, Jiyoung; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Park, Seok-Kyu; Kim, Myung-Joo; Lee, Mi-Kyung (December 2017). "Anti-obesity property of lichen Thamnolia vermicularis extract in 3T3-L1 cells and diet-induced obese mice". Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 22 (4): 285–292. doi:10.3746/pnf.2017.22.4.285. ISSN 2287-1098. PMID 29333380. PMC 5758091. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5758091.

[6] Xu, Baojun; Li, Chantian; Sung, Changkeun (2014). "Telomerase inhibitory effects of medicinal mushrooms and lichens, and their anticancer activity". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 16 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v16.i1.20. ISSN 1940-4344. PMID 24940901. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24940901/.

[7] Kanwar, Amrinder J.; De, Dipankar (2010). "Lichen planus in children" (en-IN). Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 76 (4): 366–372. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.66581. PMID 20657116. https://ijdvl.com/lichen-planus-in-children/. Qaraldi: 2021-05-22. Yesa bo'ladigan lishayniklar]]

[8] Nubie. „It's 1,000 years old; it's edible; and it's on your property“ (en-US). Off the Grid News (2018-yil 9-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 22-may.

[9] Mani, Priya (2020), „Stone Curry: P. perlatum as a Secret Spice in Indian food“ (PDF), Oxford Food Symposium

[10] Devkota, Shiva; Chaudhary, Ram Prasad; Werth, Silke; Scheidegger, Christoph (2017-02-21). "Indigenous knowledge and use of lichens by the lichenophilic communities of the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 13 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0142-2. ISSN 1746-4269. PMID 28222809. PMC 5320728. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0142-2.

[nt-11] Tuesday. „Noyoz | Review | Nepali Times“. archive.nepalitimes.com. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 6-sentyabr.

[subba-12] Subba, J. (2008) History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim, Gyan, p.133

[sashandbook-13] Wiseman, J.. The SAS Survival Handbook, 3nd, Collins Harvill, 2014. ISBN 978-006238671-7.

[fgtep-14] Angier, Bradford. Field Guide to Edible Plants, 1974. ISBN 9780811720182.

[bhattarai1999-15] 15,0 ^15,1 ^15,2 Bhattarai, Thakur P.D.; Subba, Dilip; Subba, R. (May 1999). "Nutritional value of some edible lichens of East Nepal". Angewandte Botanik 73 (1): 11–14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295957024.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]