Vikipediya

Jane Austen

(Jeyn Ostendan yoʻnaltirildi)

Jane Austen (/ˈɒstɪn, ˈɔːstɪn/ OST-in, AW-stin ; 1775-yil 16-dekabr – 1817-yil 18-iyul) ingliz yozuvchisi. Asosan, 18-asr oxiridagi britaniyalik zodagonlarni tanqid qiluvchi va sharhlovchi oltita romani bilan tanilgan. Austenning syujetlari koʻpincha ayollarning ijtimoiy mavqesi va iqtisodiy xavfsizligi nikohga bogʻliqligini koʻrsatadi. Uning asarlari 18-asrning ikkinchi yarmidagiromanlarining tanqidi va 19-asr adabiy realizmiga oʻtish davrining bir qismidir. Uning ijtimoiy sharhlar, realizm va achchiq ironiyadan mohirona foydalanishi tanqidchilar va olimlar orasida eʼtirofga sazovor boʻldi[1].

Jane Austen
Tavalludi 16-dekabr 1775-yil
Steventon Rectory, Hampshire, Angliya
Vafoti 18-iyul 1817-yil(1817-07-18)
(41 yoshda)
Winchester, Hampshire, Angliya
Fuqaroligi United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland va Kingdom of Great Britain
Kasbi Yozuvchi
Faoliyat yillari 1787 – 1817
Otasi George Austen
Onasi Cassandra Austen
Imzosi

Anonim nashr etilgan "Sense and Sensibility" (1811), "Andisha va gʻurur" (1813), "Mansfild Park" (1814) va "Emma " (1816) romanlari muvaffaqiyatga erishgan boʻlsa-da, hayoti davomida unga unchalik mashhurlik olib kelmadi. Uning yana ikki romanni bor - Northanger Abbey va Persuasion, ikkalasi ham 1817-yilda vafotidan keyin nashr etilgan. Sanditon deb nomlangan boshqa romanni ham yozishni boshlagan, ammo asar tugagunga qadar vafot etgan. Shuningdek, qisqa epistolyar roman Lady Susan va tugallanmagan The Watsons romanini qoldirgan.

Biografik m’alumotlari

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Austen haqidagi biografik maʼlumotlar uning bir necha omon qolgan xatlari va oila aʼzolari u haqida yozgan qoʻl yozmalaridan olingan[2]. Austen yozgan 3000 ga yaqin xatdan faqat 160 tasi saqlanib qolgan va nashr etilgan. Kassandra Austen singlisidan olgan xatlarning asosiy qismini yoʻq qilgan, yoqib yuborgan[3][4].

Hayoti

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Jane Austen 1775-yil 16-dekabrda Hampshire shtatining Steventon shahrida sovuq qish kunlarida tugʻilgan. 1776-yilning qishi ayniqsa qattiq boʻldi. U oʻsha yerdagi mahalliy cherkovda choʻqintirildi[5].

Uning otasi Jorj Osten (1731-1805) Steventon va Deane Anglikan cherkovlarining ruhoniysi boʻlib ishlagan[6]. Ruhoniy Osten jun savdosi bilan shugʻillanuvchi badavlat oilada tugʻilgan. U va uning ikki singlisi bolaligida yetim qolib, qarindoshlari bilan yashashga toʻgʻri kelgan. 1745-yilda, oʻn besh yoshida, Jorj Ostenning singlisi Philadelphia Kovent bogʻida tegirmonchiga shogird boʻlgan[7]. Oʻn olti yoshida Jorj Oksforddagi Sent-John kollejiga oʻqishga kirgan[8]. U yerda Cassandra Leigh (1739–1827) bilan uchrashdi[9]. U taniqli Leigh oilasidan edi. Uning otasi Oksforddagi All Souls kollejida rektor boʻlgan, u yerda Cassandra zodagonlar orasida ulgʻaygan. Uning toʻngʻich akasi James katta xolasi Perrotdan boylik va katta mulkni meros qilib oldi, faqat ismini Leigh-Perrotga oʻzgartirish sharti bilan[10].

Jorj Osten va Cassandra Leigh 1763-yilda unashtirildi[11][12]. Ular 1764-yil 26-aprelda Vannadagi Avliyo Swithin cherkovida, Cassandraning otasi vafotidan ikki oy oʻtib turmush qurishdi[13]. Jorjning yillik tirikchiligi kam edi; Cassandraning onasi vafot etganidan soʻng unga kichik meros qoldi[14].

Yaqin atrofdagi Dean cherkovini boy amakisi Francis Austen sotib olganidan soʻng, Austenlar u yerda vaqtinchalik istiqomat qilishdi[15]. Cassandra Deanda uchta farzandni dunyoga keltirdi: 1765-yilda James, 1766-yilda George va 1767-yilda Edward[16][17].

Steventon

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1768-yilda oila nihoyat Steventonga koʻchib kelishdi. Genri 1771-yilda Steventonda tugʻildi[18]. Oʻsha paytda Cassandra kichik Georgening rivojlanishida nogironlik belgilarini eʼtiborsiz qoldira olmadi. George kar va soqov boʻlishi mumkin edi[19]. 1773-yilda Cassandra, 1774-yilda Francis, 1775-yilda esa Jane tugʻilgan[20].

Taʼlimi

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1783-yilda Jane va uning singlisi Cassandra Oksfordga Ann Cawley xonim qoʻlida taʼlim olish uchun yuborildi va oʻsha yilning oxirida ularni Southamptonga olib ketishdi. Oʻsha kuzda ikkala qiz ham tif kasaliga chalinganidan keyin uylariga joʻnatildi[21]. Oʻsha paytdan boshlab uyda taʼlim olishni boshladi. 1785-yil boshidan boshlab La Turnelle xonim rahbarligidagi Reading Abbey Qizlar internat maktabida oʻqidi[22]. Oʻquv dasturiga, fransuz tili, imlo, tikuvchilik, raqs, musiqa va drama kiritilgan. Opa-singillar 1786-yil dekabridan oldin uylariga qaytishdi, chunki maktab toʻlovlari Austen oilasi uchun juda yuqori edi[23][24].

Romanlari

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  • Sense and Sensibility – 1811
  • Andisha va gʻurur – 1813
  • Mansfield Park – 1814
  • Emma – 1815

Boshqa ishlari

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Vafotidan keyingi nashrlar

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  • Northanger Abbey – 1818
  • Persuasion – 1818
  • The Watsonsi – 1892

Yana qarang

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  • Emma 2020-yilda katta ekranlarga chiqqan, Austenning xuddi shu nomdagi romani asosida suratga olingan filmdir.
 
Pride and Prejudice romanining ilk nashridan bir sahifa (1813)

Shajara daraxti

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Austen,uning ota-onasi, aka-uka va opa-singillari
 
 
Uning aka-uka, opa-singillari va jiyanlari

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ Grundy (2014), 195–197
  2. ↑ Fergus (2005), 3–4
  3. ↑ Le Faye (2005), 33
  4. ↑ Nokes (1998), 1
  5. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 27
  6. ↑ Todd (2015), 2
  7. ↑ „Philadelphia Austen Hancock: Eliza de Feuillide's Mother“ (en-US). Geri Walton (2019-yil 21-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 22-may.
  8. ↑ Andoza:Alox2
  9. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 3–5, 11
  10. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 8; Nokes (1998), 51
  11. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 11
  12. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 6
  13. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 11; Nokes (1998), 24, 26
  14. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 12; Nokes (1998), 24
  15. ↑ Austen-Leigh, James Edward (1871). Memoir of Jane Austen (Second ed.). London: Richard Bentley and Son. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 11, 18, 19; Nokes (1998), 36
  17. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 19
  18. ↑ Nokes (1998), 37; Le Faye (2004), 25
  19. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 22
  20. ↑ Nokes (1998), 37; Le Faye (2004), 24–27
  21. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 47–49; Collins (1994), 35, 133.
  22. ↑ Todd (2015), 3
  23. ↑ Tomalin (1997), 9–10, 26, 33–38, 42–43; Le Faye (2004), 52; Collins (1994), 133–134
  24. ↑ Le Faye (2004), 52
  25. ↑ The Works of Jane Austen. Vol VI. 1954. Ed. R. W. Chapman and B. C. Southam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, as supplemented by additional research reflected in Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray, eds. Catharine and Other Writings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Bibliografiya

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Birlamchi asarlari
  • Austen, Jane. Catharine and Other Writings. nash. Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-282823-1.
  • Austen, Jane. The History of England. nash. David Starkey. Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-06-135195-4.
  • Le Faye, Deirdre, nash. Jane Austenʼs Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-283297-2.
Ikkilamchi asarlari

Biografiyalar

  • Austen, Henry Thomas. „Biographical Notice of the Author“. Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. London: John Murray, 1817.
  • Austen-Leigh, James Edward. A Memoir of Jane Austen. 1926. nash. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
  • Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh. Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.
  • Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 0-333-44701-8.
  • Honan, Park. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: St. Martinʼs Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01451-1.
  • Le Faye, Deirdre. Jane Austen: A Family Record. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-53417-8.
  • Nokes, David. Jane Austen: A Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0-520-21606-7.
  • Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44628-1.

Esse toʻplamlari

  • Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-81293-3.
  • Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-49867-8.
  • Grey, J. David, nash. The Jane Austen Companion. New York: Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0025455400.
  • Lynch, Deidre, nash. Janeites: Austenʼs Disciples and Devotees. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-691-05005-8.
  • Southam, B. C., nash. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812-1870. Vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. ISBN 0-7100-2942-X.
  • Southam, B. C., nash. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870-1940. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. ISBN 0-7102-0189-3.
  • Todd, Janet, nash. Jane Austen in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-82644-6.
  • Watt, Ian, nash. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. ISBN 9780130537515.

Monograflar va maqolalar

  • Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction. London: Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-506160-8.
  • Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-19-812968-8.
  • Byrne, Paula. Jane Austen and the Theatre. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-1-84725-047-6.
  • Collins, Irene. Jane Austen and the Clergy. London: The Hambledon Press, 1994. ISBN 1-85285-114-7.
  • Devlin, D. D. Jane Austen and Education. London: Macmillan, 1975. ISBN 0064916758.
  • Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austenʼs Novels. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8018-1269-0.
  • Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen and the Didactic Novel. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1983. ISBN 0-389-20228-2.
  • Ferguson, Moira. „Mansfield Park, Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender“. Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 118-39.
  • Galperin, William. The Historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8122-3687-4.
  • Gay, Penny. Jane Austen and the Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-65213-8.
  • Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert. The Madwoman in the Attic: the Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-300-02596-3.
  • Harding, D. W., „Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen“. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. nash. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
  • Jenkyns, Richard. A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0199276617.
  • Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN 0-226-40139-1.
  • Kirkham, Margaret. Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction. Brighton: Harvester, 1983. ISBN 0-7108-0468-7.
  • Koppel, Gene. The Religious Dimension in Jane Austenʼs Novels. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1988.
  • Lascelles, Mary. Jane Austen and Her Art. Original publication 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
  • Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.
  • Litz, A. Walton. Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
  • Lynch, Deidre. The Economy of Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-49820-4.
  • MacDonagh, Oliver. Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-300-05084-4.
  • Miller, D. A. Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-12387-X.
  • Mudrick, Marvin. Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.
  • Page, Norman. The Language of Jane Austen. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972. ISBN 0-631-08280-8.
  • Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 0-226-67528-9.
  • Raven, James. The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-300-12261-6.
  • Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75054-1.
  • Todd, Janet. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-67469-0.
  • Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-00388-1.
  • Wiltshire, John. Recreating Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-00282-6.
  • Wiltshire, John. Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-41476-8.

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