Kola yongʻogʻi

Kola yongʻogʻi atamasi odatda Sterculiaceae kakao oilasiga, keyin Gulxayridoshlar (Sterculioideae kenja oilasi) tarkibiga kiruvchi Cola turkumi oʻsimliklarining ayrim turlarining urugʻlarini anglatadi. Ushbu kola turlari Afrikaning tropik tropik oʻrmonlarida oʻsadigan daraxtlar. Ularning tarkibida kofein boʻlgan urugʻlari turli xil gazlangan alkogolsiz ichimliklarga qoʻshiladi^[1].

Kola yongʻogʻi kofeinli yongʻoq boʻlib, Cola turkumining doimiy yashil daraxtlari, birinchi navbatda Cola acuminata va Cola nitida turlaridan iborat^[2]. Cola acuminata, balandligi taxminan 20 metr boʻlgan doimiy yashil daraxt boʻlib, uzun, tuxumsimon barglari bor. Daraxtlar binafsha-jigarrang chiziqli krem rangli gullar va odatda 5 ta boʻlakdan iborat yulduz shaklidagi mevalarga ega. Har bir follikulaning ichida oʻnga yaqin prizmatik urugʻlar oq urugʻ qobigʻida rivojlanadi. Yongʻoqning xushboʻy hidi shirin va atirgulga oʻxshaydi. Kofeinni olish uchun yongʻoqni qaynatish mumkin.

Kola yongʻoqlarida tarkibida taxminan 2-4% kofein va teobromin^[3], shuningdek taninlar, alkaloidlar, saponinlar va flavonoidlar mavjud^[4].

Foydalanish

Kola yongʻogʻi achchiq taʼmga ega va tarkibida kofein mavjud. U koʻplab Gʻarbiy Afrika mamlakatlarida isteʼmol qilinadi. U koʻpincha tantanali marosimlarda ishlatiladi, boshliqlar yoki mehmonlarga taqdim etiladi^[5]. Xalq tabobatida kola yongʻogʻi maydalanganda va asal bilan aralashtirilganda ovqat hazm qilishni yaxshilash uchun foydali hisoblanadi va yoʻtalga qarshi vosita sifatida qoʻllanadi^[6]^[7]^[8].

Kola retsepti

1880-yillarda Jorjiyadagi farmatsevt Jon Pemberton kola yongʻogʻidan olingan kofein va koka barglaridan ekstrakt olib, uni shakar, boshqa xushboʻy moddalar va gazlangan suv bilan aralashtirib, birinchi alkogolsiz ichimlik boʻlgan Coca-Colani ixtiro qildi^[9]. 2016-yildan boshlab, kola retsepti tarkibiga haqiqiy kola yongʻogʻi kirmaydi^[7]^[10].

Zararkunandalar va kasalliklar

Kola oʻsimligi yongʻoqlari Balanogastris kola tomonidan zararlantiriladi. Kakaoni zararlovchi kuya Characoma strictigrapta lichinkalari yongʻoqni yorib kirib boradi. Savdogarlar baʼzan koʻchatlarga zarar yetmasligi uchun Rauvolfia vomitoria poʻstlogʻining ekstrakti yoki Xylopia va Capsicumning maydalangan mevalaridan foydalanadilar.

Asosiy ishlab chiqaruvchilar

Kola yongʻogʻi ishlab chiqarish, 2020 ^[11]
Mamlakat	Ogʻirligi (tonna)
Nigeria	166 895
Kot-d'Ivuar	57 923
Kamerun	47,126
Gana	24,296
Syerra Leone	8097
Benin	613
Dunyo	304 950

2020-yilda dunyoda jami 304.950 tona kola yongʻogʻi ishlab chiqarilgan. Jami hosilning 55% Nigeriya hissasiga toʻgʻri keldi^[12].

Kimyoviy tarkibi

Kola yongʻogʻidagi fitokimyoviy moddalarning dastlabki tadqiqotlari quyidagi tarkibiy qismlar mavjudligini koʻrsatadi^[13]:

kofein (2-3,5%)
teobromin (1,0-2,5%)
teofillin
metilliberin
polifenollar
- flobafens (kola qizil)
- epikatexin
- D- katexin
- tanin kislotasi
uglevod
- sellyuloza
suv

Jamiyat va madaniyat

Igbo xalqining madaniy anʼanalarida kola yongʻoqlarini mehmonlarga yoki anʼanaviy yigʻilishda taqdim etish yaxshi niyatni bildiradi^[14].

Kola yongʻogʻi marosimi Chinua Achebening 1958-yilda yozilgan "Things Fall Apart" romanida qisqacha tasvirlangan. Things Fall Apart asarida kola yongʻogʻi haqida aytilgan gaplardan biri: „Kola olib kelgan kishi hayot beradi“^[15]. Shuningdek, u Kris Abanining 2004-yilda nashr etilgan GraceLand romanida ham koʻzga tashlanadi^[16]^[17].

Galereya

Haqiqiy kola urug'lari (Cola acuminata) achchiq (Garcinia kola) bilan taqqoslangan va farqlangan.
Beninning Dantokpa bozorida sotuvga yoyilgan "achchiq kola" yong'oqlari (= Garcinia kola urug'i (Clusiaceae oilasi))
Ikkita "achchiq kola" urug'i, jigarrang qobig'i olib tashlangan
Mangostin qarindoshi Garcinia kola gullari (aka "achchiq kola")
Garcinia kolaning pishgan mevalari ("achchiq kola")
Limbe botanika bog'ida o'sadigan "achchiq kola" daraxti ( Garcinia kola ), Kamerun
Kakao po'sti: (haqiqiy) kola qarindoshi Theobroma kakaosining mevasi tuzilishi Cola acuminata mevasiga o'xshashligini ko'rsatish uchun ikkiga bo'lingan.

Manbalar

↑ Veronique Greenwood. „The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name“. BBC News - Future (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-dekabr. „These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour“.
↑ Burdock, G. A.; Carabin, I. G.; Crincoli, C. M. (2009). "Safety Assessment of Kola Nut Extract as a Food Ingredient". Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (8): 1725–32. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.019. PMID 19394393.
↑ Burdock, G. A.; Carabin, I. G.; Crincoli, C. M. (2009). "Safety Assessment of Kola Nut Extract as a Food Ingredient". Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (8): 1725–32. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.019. PMID 19394393.
↑ E. I. Adeyeye & O. O. Ayejuyo, Chemical composition of Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds grown in Nigeria, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Volume 45, 1994 – Issue 4.
↑ „Kola Nut“. Igbo insight guide to Enugu and Igboland's Culture and Language. igboguide.org.
↑ Odebunmi, E. O.; Oluwaniyi, O. O.; Awolola, G. V.; Adediji, O. D. (2009-01-01). "Proximate and nutritional composition of kola nut (Cola nitida), bitter cola (Garcinia cola) and alligator pepper (Afromomum melegueta)" (en). African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (2). ISSN 1684-5315. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/59797.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 Veronique Greenwood. „The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name“. BBC News - Future (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-dekabr. „These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour“.
↑ „Cola recipe“. This American Life (1992).
↑ Veronique Greenwood. „The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name“. BBC News - Future (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-dekabr. „These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour“.
↑ Meyers, C.. „How Natural Is Your Cola?“. Science NOW (2011-yil 6-may).
↑ „Kola nut production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)“. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) (2022). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 10-sentyabr.
↑ The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (with Cultivation & Processing).
↑ Burdock, G. A.; Carabin, I. G.; Crincoli, C. M. (2009). "Safety Assessment of Kola Nut Extract as a Food Ingredient". Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (8): 1725–32. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.019. PMID 19394393.
↑ Osuagwu, Bertram I. N.. The Igbos and Their Traditions, March 28, 2003 — 1-bet. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 30-iyul.
↑ Achebe, Chinua (1958). Things Fall Apart. Johannesburg, South Africa: Heinemann. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-435-90525-5.
↑ Abani, Chris (2005). GraceLand: A Novel. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-1-4299-2982-0.
↑ Walker, Alice (1992). The Color Purple. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-15-119154-3.

[1] Veronique Greenwood. „The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name“. BBC News - Future (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-dekabr. „These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour“.

[2] Burdock, G. A.; Carabin, I. G.; Crincoli, C. M. (2009). "Safety Assessment of Kola Nut Extract as a Food Ingredient". Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (8): 1725–32. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.019. PMID 19394393.

[3] Burdock, G. A.; Carabin, I. G.; Crincoli, C. M. (2009). "Safety Assessment of Kola Nut Extract as a Food Ingredient". Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (8): 1725–32. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.019. PMID 19394393.

[4] E. I. Adeyeye & O. O. Ayejuyo, Chemical composition of Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds grown in Nigeria, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Volume 45, 1994 – Issue 4.

[5] „Kola Nut“. Igbo insight guide to Enugu and Igboland's Culture and Language. igboguide.org.

[6] Odebunmi, E. O.; Oluwaniyi, O. O.; Awolola, G. V.; Adediji, O. D. (2009-01-01). "Proximate and nutritional composition of kola nut (Cola nitida), bitter cola (Garcinia cola) and alligator pepper (Afromomum melegueta)" (en). African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (2). ISSN 1684-5315. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/59797.

[bbc-7] 7,0 ^7,1 Veronique Greenwood. „The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name“. BBC News - Future (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-dekabr. „These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour“.

[popular_cola_recipie-8] „Cola recipe“. This American Life (1992).

[9] Veronique Greenwood. „The little-known nut that gave Coca-Cola its name“. BBC News - Future (2016-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 23-dekabr. „These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour“.

[10] Meyers, C.. „How Natural Is Your Cola?“. Science NOW (2011-yil 6-may).

[fao-11] „Kola nut production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)“. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) (2022). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 10-sentyabr.

[12] The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (with Cultivation & Processing).

[Burdock-13] Burdock, G. A.; Carabin, I. G.; Crincoli, C. M. (2009). "Safety Assessment of Kola Nut Extract as a Food Ingredient". Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 (8): 1725–32. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.019. PMID 19394393.

[igbos-14] Osuagwu, Bertram I. N.. The Igbos and Their Traditions, March 28, 2003 — 1-bet. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 30-iyul.

[15] Achebe, Chinua (1958). Things Fall Apart. Johannesburg, South Africa: Heinemann. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-435-90525-5.

[16] Abani, Chris (2005). GraceLand: A Novel. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-1-4299-2982-0.

[17] Walker, Alice (1992). The Color Purple. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-15-119154-3.

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