Misr iyerogliflari
Misr ierogliflari (/ˈhaɪrəˌɡlɪfs/, /ˈhaɪroʊˌɡlɪfs/[2]) Misr tilini yozish uchun Qadimgi Misrda ishlatilgan rasmiy yozuv tizimi boʻlgan. Ierogliflar logografik, boʻgʻin va alifbo elementlarini birlashtirib, 100 dan ortiq alohida belgilardan boshlangan[3][4]. Papirus va yogʻochdagi diniy adabiyotlar uchun kursiv iyerogliflardan foydalanilgan. Ieratik va demotik Misr yozuvlari, keyinchalik Finikiy yozuviga aylangan Proto-Sinay yozuvi ham ieroglif yozuvidan kelib chiqqan[5]. Misr ieroglif yozuvi Finikiya alifbosi orqali zamonaviy qoʻllanilayotgan koʻpchilik yozuvlar, ayniqsa lotin, kirill va arab yozuvlarining ajdodidir.
| Misr ierogliflari | |
|---|---|
 Miloddan avvalgi XIII asr Seti I (KV17) qabridagi ierogliflar | |
| Yozuv tipi | Logografik yozuv |
| Tillar | Misr tili |
| Yaratilgan sanasi | mil. avv. 3200 |
| Davr | miloddan avvalgi 3200 yillik – milodiy 400-yil |
| Yozuv yoʻnalishi | oʻngdan chapga, chapdan oʻngga |
| Kelib chiqishi | |
| Unicode koʻlami |
|
| ISO 15924 | Egyp[1] |
Ieroglifdan foydalanish ilk bronza davrida, taxminan miloddan avvalgi XXXII asrda (Naqada III), ikkinchi sulola davriga (miloddan avvalgi XXVIII asrda) oid misr tilida yozilgan birinchi deshifrlanadigan jumla bilan proto-savodli belgilar tizimlaridan kelib chiqqan. Misr ierogliflari Oʻrta podsholik davri klassik tilida monumental yozuvlar uchun foydalaniladigan yetuk yozuv tizimiga aylandi; bu davrda tizim 900 ga yaqin aniq belgilardan foydalangan. Ushbu yozuv tizimidan foydalanish Yangi va Soʻnggi podsholik, Forslar va Ptolemeylar sulolasi davrlarida davom etgan. Ierogliflardan foydalanish oxirgi mart Rim davrida, eramizning 4-asrigacha boʻlgan davrda aniqlangan[6].
V asrda soʻnggi butxonalarning yopilishi bilan ieroglif yozuvlari haqidagi bilimlar unutiladi. Garchi urinishlar qilingan boʻlsa-da, yozuv butun Oʻrta asrlar va ilk yangi davrda shifrlanmagan. Ieroglif yozuvining dekodlanishi 1820-yillarda Jean-François Champollion tomonidan Rosetta toshining yordami bilan amalga oshirilgan[7].
Bugungi kunda maʼlum boʻlgan barcha Qadimgi Misr (yaʼni ieroglif va ieratik) matnlardagi soʻzlar soni taxminan 5 millionni tashkil etadi va agar dublikatlarni (masalan, oʻliklar kitobi va tobut matnlari) alohida hisoblasa, 10 millionga yaqinlashadi. Qadimgi Misr yozuvlarining eng katta toʻplami Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Spracheda 1,5-1,7 million soʻzni oʻz ichiga oladi[8][9].
Manbalar
tahrir- ↑ (unspecified title)
- ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (muh.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
- ↑ There were about 1,000 graphemes in the Old Kingdom period, reduced to around 750 to 850 in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom, but inflated to the order of some 5,000 signs in the Ptolemaic period. Antonio Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 12.
- ↑ The standard inventory of characters used in Egyptology is Gardiner's sign list (1928–1953). A.H. Gardiner (1928), Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan Gardiner, "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1928)", in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15 (1929), p. 95; "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1931)", in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 (1931), pp. 245–247; A.H. Gardiner, "Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, showing acquisitions to December 1953" (1953). Unicode Egyptian Hieroglyphs as of version 5.2 (2009) assigned 1,070 Unicode characters.
- ↑ Michael C. Howard (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. P. 23.
- ↑ Allen, James P.. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (en). Cambridge University Press, 2010 — 8-bet. ISBN 978-1139486354.
- ↑ Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (July 2003). "Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica". Comparative Studies in Society and History 45 (3). doi:10.1017/s0010417503000227. ISSN 0010-4175. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:858cada1-8d44-4695-8972-9520b28d3aba.
- ↑ Carsten Peust, "Über ägyptische Lexikographie. 1: Zum Ptolemaic Lexikon von Penelope Wilson; 2: Versuch eines quantitativen Vergleichs der Textkorpora antiker Sprachen", in Lingua Aegyptia 7, 2000: 245–260: "Nach einer von W. F. Reineke in S. Grunert & L Hafemann (Hrsgg.), Textcorpus und Wörterbuch (Problemeder Ägyptologie 14), Leiden 1999, S.xiii veröffentlichten Schätzung W. Schenkels beträgt die Zahl der in allen heute bekannten ägyptischen (d.h. hieroglyphischen und hieratischen) Texten enthaltenen Wortformen annähernd 5 Millio nen und tendiert, wenn man die Fälle von Mehrfachüberlieferung u.a. des Toten buchs und der Sargtexte separat zählt, gegen 10 Millionen; das Berliner Zettelarchiv des Wörterbuchs der ägyptischen Sprache von A. Erman & H. Grapow (Wb), das sei nerzeit Vollständigkeit anstrebte, umfasst "nur" 1,7 Millionen (nach anderen Angaben: 1,5 Millionen) Zettel." (p.246)
- ↑ W. Schenkel „Die Lexikographie des Altägyptisch-Koptischen“, . The lexicography of the Ancient Near Eastern languages.. Essedue, 1995 — 197-bet. ISBN 88-85697-43-7. OCLC 34816015.