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Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari

Yupiterning ichki yoʻldoshlaridan paydo bo'lgan yoʻldoshlarini hisobga olmaganda 80 ta yoʻldoshi maʼlum. Ularning barchasi birgalikda Yovian tizimi deb ataladigan sun'iy yo'ldosh tizimini tashkil qiladi. Oylarning eng massivlari to'rtta Galiley yo'ldoshidir: Io, Yevropa, Ganimed va Kallisto, ular 1610-yilda Galileo Galiley va Simon Mariy tomonidan mustaqil ravishda kashf etilgan va Yer va Quyosh bo'lmagan jismni aylanib chiqadigan birinchi jismlar bo'lgan.1892 yildan boshlab, o'nlab ancha kichikroq Yovian yo'ldoshlari aniqlandi va ular sevishganlar (yoki boshqa jinsiy sheriklar) yoki Rim xudosi Yupiter yoki uning yunoncha ekvivalenti Zevsning qizlarining ismlarini oldilar. Galiley yo'ldoshlari Yupiter orbitasidagi eng katta va eng massiv jismlar bo'lib, qolgan 76 ta ma'lum bo'lgan yo'ldoshlar va halqalar umumiy orbita massasining atigi 0,003% ni tashkil qiladi.

Yupiter va uning to'rtta eng katta yo'ldoshi

Yupiterning yo'ldoshlaridan sakkiztasi muntazam yo'ldoshlar bo'lib, ular Yupiterning ekvator tekisligiga nisbatan unchalik moyil bo'lmagan prograd va deyarli aylana orbitalariga ega. Galiley sun'iy yo'ldoshlari sayyora massasi tufayli deyarli sharsimon shaklga ega va shuning uchun ular Quyosh atrofida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri orbitada bo'lganlarida, mitti sayyoralar deb hisoblanadilar. Boshqa to'rtta muntazam sun'iy yo'ldoshlar ancha kichikroq va Yupiterga yaqinroq; bular Yupiter halqalarini tashkil etuvchi chang manbalari bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Yupiterning qolgan yo'ldoshlari tartibsiz sun'iy yo'ldoshlar bo'lib, ularning prograd va retrograd orbitalari Yupiterdan ancha uzoqda joylashgan va yuqori moyillik va ekssentrikliklarga ega. Ehtimol, bu yo'ldoshlar Yupiter tomonidan quyosh orbitalaridan olingan.

Xususiyatlari

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Galiley oylari. Chapdan o'ngga, Yupiterdan masofani oshirish tartibida: Io ; Yevropa ; Ganimed ; Kallisto .

Oylarning fizik va orbital xususiyatlari juda xilma-xildir. To'rtta Galileyning hammasi 3,100 kilometr (1,900 mi) diametri; eng katta Galiley, Ganimed, Quyosh tizimidagi to'qqizinchi yirik ob'ekt bo'lib, Quyosh va ettita sayyoradan keyin, Ganimed Merkuriydan kattaroqdir. Ularning orbital shakllari deyarli mukammal dumaloqdan yuqori eksantrik va eğimligacha o'zgarib turadi va ko'pchiligi Yupiterning aylanishiga teskari yo'nalishda aylanadi ( retrograd harakat ). Orbital davrlar etti soatdan (Yupiterning o'z o'qi atrofida aylanishiga qaraganda kamroq vaqt talab etadi), taxminan uch ming marta ko'proq.

Kelib chiqishi va evolyutsiyasi

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Yovian oylarining nisbiy massalari. Yevropadan kichikroqlar bu miqyosda ko'rinmaydi va birlashtirilganda faqat 100 × kattalashtirishda ko'rinadi.

Yupiterning muntazam sun'iy yo'ldoshlari aylana diskidan, to'plangan gaz halqasidan va protoplanetar diskga o'xshash qattiq qoldiqlardan hosil bo'lgan deb hisoblaniladi.[1][2] Ular Yupiter tarixining boshida paydo bo'lgan Galiley massasidagi sun'iy yo'ldoshlarning qoldiqlari bo'lishi mumkin.[1][3]

Simulyatsiyalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, har qanday vaqtda disk nisbatan yuqori massaga ega bo'lsa-da, vaqt o'tishi bilan quyosh tumanligidan olingan Yupiter massasining katta qismi (bir necha o'n foiz) u orqali o'tgan. Biroq, mavjud sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni tushuntirish uchun Yupiterning proto-disk massasining atigi 2% talab qilinadi.[1] Oylarning har bir avlodi diskdan tortilishi tufayli Yupiterga aylanib o'tgan bo'lishi mumkin, yangi oylar esa quyosh tumanligidan olingan yangi qoldiqlardan hosil bo'lgan.[1] Hozirgi avlod paydo bo'lganda, disk yupqalashib, oy orbitalariga katta xalaqit bermay qo'ydi.[3] Hozirgi Galiley yo'ldoshlari hali ham Io, Yevropa va Ganimed uchun mavjud bo'lgan orbital rezonansga tushib, qisman himoyalangan holda ta'sirlangan.

Tashqi, tartibsiz yo'ldoshlar qoldiq asteroidlardan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi, holbuki protolunar disk hali ham ularning impulslarining katta qismini o'zlashtirib, ularni orbitaga olib chiqish uchun etarlicha katta edi. Ko'pchilik mexanik stresslar yoki keyinchalik boshqa kichik jismlar bilan to'qnashuv natijasida parchalanib, bugungi kunda biz ko'rayotgan oylarni hosil qilgan deb ishoniladi.[4]

Kashfiyot

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Yupiter va Galiley yo'ldoshlari Meade LX200 teleskopi orqali .

Xitoylik tarixchi Si Tszzongning ta'kidlashicha, Yovian oyining (Ganimed yoki Kallisto) eng qadimgi yozuvi xitoylik astronom Gan De tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 364-yilda "qizil yulduz" bilan bog'liq kuzatuvlar haqidagi eslatmalarda ham keltirilgan.[5] Biroq, Yupiter sun'iy yo'ldoshlarining birinchi aniq kuzatuvlari 1609 yilda Galiley Galileyning kuzatuvlari edi.[6] 1610-yil yanvariga kelib, u oʻzining 20 marta kattalashtiruvchi teleskopi bilan toʻrtta ulkan Galiley oyini koʻrdi va natijalarini 1610-yil martida eʼlon qildi.[7]

Simon Mariy Galileydan bir kun o'tib oylarni mustaqil ravishda kashf etdi, garchi u 1614 yilgacha bu boradagi kitobini nashr etmagan. Shunga qaramay, Mariy tomonidan berilgan ismlar bugungi kunda ishlatiladi: Ganimed, Kallisto, Io va Yevropa.[8] EE Barnard 1892 yilda Amalteyani kuzatguniga qadar bo'lgan davrda hech qanday qo'shimcha sun'iy yo'ldoshlar topilmadi.[9]

Teleskopik fotografiya yordamida 20-asr davomida qo'shimcha kashfiyotlar tezda amalga oshirildi. Gimaliya 1904 yilda,[10] Elara 1905 yilda,[11] Pasifa 1908 yilda,[12] Sinope 1914 yilda,[13] Liziteya va Karme 1938 yilda,[14] Ananke 1951 yilda[15] va Leda 1974 yilda kashf etilgan.[16] Voyajer kosmik zondlari Yupiterga yetib borgunga qadar, taxminan 1979-yilda, 1975-yilda kuzatilgan Themistoni hisobga olmaganda, 13 ta yoʻldosh topildi[17], ammo dastlabki kuzatish maʼlumotlari yetarli boʻlmagan. Voyajer kosmik kemasi 1979 yilda qo'shimcha uchta ichki yo'ldoshni kashf etdi: Metis, Adrastea va Thebe .[18]

Yigirma yil davomida qo'shimcha yo'ldoshlar topilmadi, ammo 1999 yil oktyabridan 2003 yil fevraligacha tadqiqotchilar sezgir yerga asoslangan detektorlar yordamida yana 34 ta yo'ldoshni topdilar.[19] Bular uzun, eksantrik, odatda retrograd orbitalarda joylashgan va o'rtacha kichik oylardir. Ushbu yo'ldoshlarning barchasi asteroid yoki kometa jismlari bo'lib, bir necha bo'laklarga bo'lingan deb taxmin qilinadi.[20][21]

2015 yilga kelib jami 15 ta qoʻshimcha yoʻldosh topildi.[21] Yana ikkitasi 2017-yilda Karnegi fan institutida Skott S. Sheppard boshchiligidagi guruh tomonidan topilib, ularning umumiy soni 69 taga yetdi[22] 2018-yilning 17-iyulida Xalqaro Astronomiya Ittifoqi Sheppard jamoasi Yupiter atrofida yana o‘nta yo‘ldoshni kashf etganini va ularning umumiy soni 79 taga yetganini tasdiqladi[23] Ular orasida Valetudo ham bor, u prograd orbitasiga ega, biroq retrograd orbitalariga ega bo'lgan bir nechta yo'ldoshlar bilan yo'llarni kesib o'tadi va oxir-oqibat bir nuqtada to'qnashuvga olib keladi.[23]

Nomlash

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Yupiter atrofidagi Galiley yo'ldoshlari  Yupiter ·   Io ·   Yevropa ·   Ganimed ·   Kallisto

Yupiterning Galiley yoʻldoshlari ( Io, Yeropa, Ganimed va Kallisto ) 1610-yilda kashf etilganidan soʻng koʻp oʻtmay Simon Mariy tomonidan nomlandi[24] Biroq, bu nomlar 20-asrgacha e'tibordan chetda qoldi. Astronomiya adabiyoti buning o'rniga oddiygina "Yupiter I", "Yupiter II" va hokazo yoki "Yupiterning birinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi", "Yupiterning ikkinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi" va boshqa yo'llardan foydalanib keldi.[24] Io, Yevropa, Ganimed va Kallisto nomlari 20-asrning o'rtalarida mashhur bo'ldi[25], qolgan oylar esa nomsiz qoldi va odatda V (5) dan XII (12) gacha rim raqamlari bilan raqamlangan.[26][27] Yupiter V 1892 yilda kashf etilgan va mashhur bo'lsa-da, norasmiy konventsiyaga ko'ra Amalteya nomi berilgan, bu nom birinchi marta fransuz astronomi Kamil Flammarion tomonidan ishlatilgan.[19][28]

Yupiter yo'ldoshlar jadvali

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Belgilar*
 
Ichki yo'ldoshlar 		♠
Galiley yo'ldoshlar 		†
Guruhlanmagan yo'ldoshlar 		♣
Gimaliya guruhi 		♦
Ananke guruhi 		♥
Karme guruhi 		‡
Pasifaye guruhi
№
[note 1] 		Belgi
[note 2] 		Nomi Talaffuzi Tasvir Abs.
magn. 		Diametri (km)[29][note 3] Massa
(×1016 kg)[30][note 4] 		Yarim katta o'q
(km)[31] 		Orbital davr (d)
[31][note 5] 		Nishab
(°)[31] 		Eksantriklik
[29] 		Kashfiyot yili[19] Kashfiyotchi[19] Guruh
[note 6]
1 XVI Metida /ˈmiːtəs/
 
 10.5 43
(60 × 40 × 34)		 ≈ 3.6 128000 +0.2948
(+7h 04m 29s)		 0.060 0.0002 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1)		 Ichki
2 XV Adrasteya /ædrəˈstiːə/
 
 12.0 16.4
(20 × 16 × 14)		 ≈ 0.20 129000 +0.2983
(+7h 09m 30s)		 0.030 0.0015 1979 Jewitt
(Voyager 2)		 Ichki
3 V Amalteya /æməlˈθiːə/[32]
 
 7.1 167
(250 × 146 × 128)		 208 181400 +0.4999
(+11h 59m 53s)		 0.374 0.0032 1892 Barnard Ichki
4 XIV Fiba /ˈθiːbiː/
 
 9.0 98.6
(116 × 98 × 84)		 ≈ 43 221900 +0.6761
(+16h 13m 35s)		 1.076 0.0175 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1)		 Ichki
5 Io♠ /ˈaɪoʊ/
 
 −1.7 3643.2
(3660 × 3637 × 3631)		 8931900 421800 +1.7627 0.050[33] 0.0041 1610 Galileo Galiley
6 II Yevropa♠ /jʊəˈroʊpə/[34]
 
 −1.4 3121.6 4799800 671100 +3.5255 0.470[33] 0.0090 1610 Galileo Galiley
7 III Ganimed♠ /ˈɡænəmiːd/[35][36]
 
 −2.1 5268.2 14819000 1070400 +7.1556 0.200[33] 0.0013 1610 Galileo Galiley
8 IV Kallisto♠ /kəˈlɪstoʊ/
 
 −1.2 4820.6 10759000 1882700 +16.690 0.192[33] 0.0074 1610 Galileo Galiley
9 XVIII Femisto† /θəˈmɪstoʊ/
 
 12.9 9 ≈ 0.038 7398500 +130.03 43.8 0.340 1975/2000 Kowal & Roemer/
Sheppard et al.		 Femisto
10 XIII Leda♣ /ˈliːdə/
 
 12.7 21.5 ≈ 0.52 11146400 +240.93 28.6 0.162 1974 Kowal Gimaliya
11 LXXI Ersa♣ /ˈɜːrsə/
 
 15.9 3 ≈ 0.0014 11401000 +249.23 29.1 0.116 2018 Sheppard et al. Gimaliya
12 VI Gimaliya♣ /hɪˈmeɪliə/
 
 7.9 139.6
(150 × 120)		 420 11440600 +250.56 28.1 0.160 1904 Perrine Gimaliya
13 LXV Pandiya♣ /pænˈdaɪə/
 
 16.2 3 ≈ 0.0014 11481000 +251.91 29.0 0.179 2017 Sheppard et al. Gimaliya
14 X Lisiteya♣ /laɪˈsɪθiə/
 
 11.2 42.2 ≈ 3.9 11700800 +259.20 27.2 0.117 1938 Nicholson Gimaliya
15 VII Elara♣ /ˈɛlərə/
 
 9.6 79.9 ≈ 27 11712300 +259.64 27.9 0.211 1905 Perrine Gimaliya
16 LIII Diya♣ /ˈdaɪə/
 
 16.3 4 ≈ 0.0034 12260300 +278.21 29.0 0.232 2000 Sheppard et al. Gimaliya
17 XLVI Karpo† /ˈkɑːrpoʊ/
 
 16.1 3 ≈ 0.0014 17042300 +456.29 53.2 0.416 2003 Sheppard et al. Karpo
18 LXII Valetudo† /væləˈtjuːdoʊ/
 
 17.0 1 ≈ 0.000052 18694200 +527.61 34.5 0.217 2016 Sheppard et al. Valetudo
19 XXXIV Evporiye♦ /ˈjuːpəriː/
 
 16.3 2 ≈ 0.00042 19265800 −550.69 145.7 0.148 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
20 LV S/2003 J 18♦
 
 16.5 2 ≈ 0.00042 20336300 −598.12 145.3 0.090 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
21 LX Evfeme♦ /juːˈfiːmiː/
 
 16.6 2 ≈ 0.00042 20768600 −617.73 148.0 0.241 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
22 LII S/2010 J 2♦
 
 17.3 1 ≈ 0.000052 20793000 −618.84 148.1 0.248 2010 Veillet Ananke
23 LIV S/2016 J 1♦
 
 16.8 1 ≈ 0.000052 20802600 −618.49 144.7 0.232 2016 Sheppard et al. Ananke
24 XL Mneme♦ /ˈniːmiː/
 
 16.3 2 ≈ 0.00042 20821000 −620.07 148.0 0.247 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
25 XXXIII Evante♦ /juːˈænθiː/
 
 16.4 3 ≈ 0.0014 20827000 −620.44 148.0 0.239 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
26 S/2003 J 16♦
 
 16.3 2 ≈ 0.00042 20882600 −622.88 148.0 0.243 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
27 XXII Garpalike♦ /hɑːrˈpæləkiː/
 
 15.9 4 ≈ 0.0034 20892100 −623.32 147.7 0.232 2000 Sheppard et al. Ananke
28 XXXV Ortoziye♦ /ɔːrˈθoʊziː/
 
 16.7 2 ≈ 0.00042 20901000 −622.59 144.3 0.299 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
29 XLV Gelike♦ /ˈhɛləkiː/
 
 16.0 4 ≈ 0.0034 20915700 −626.33 154.4 0.153 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
30 XXVII Praksidike♦ /prækˈsɪdəkiː/
 
 14.9 7 ≈ 0.018 20935400 −625.39 148.3 0.246 2000 Sheppard et al. Ananke
31 LXIV S/2017 J 3♦
 
 16.5 2 ≈ 0.00042 20941000 −625.60 147.9 0.231 2017 Sheppard et al. Ananke
32 S/2003 J 12♦
 
 17.0 1 ≈ 0.000052 20963100 −627.24 150.0 0.235 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
33 LXVIII S/2017 J 7♦ 16.6 2 ≈ 0.00042 20964800 −626.56 147.3 0.233 2017 Sheppard et al. Ananke
34 XLII Telksinoe♦ /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/ 16.3 2 ≈ 0.00042 20976000 −628.03 150.6 0.228 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
35 XXIX Tione♦ /θaɪˈoʊniː/
 
 15.8 4 ≈ 0.0034 20978000 −627.18 147.5 0.233 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
36 S/2003 J 2♦
 
 16.7 2 ≈ 0.00042 20997700 −628.79 150.2 0.225 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
37 XII Ananke♦ /əˈnæŋkiː/
 
 11.7 29.1 ≈ 1.3 21034500 −629.79 147.6 0.237 1951 Nicholson Ananke
38 XXIV Iokaste♦ /aɪəˈkæstiː/
 
 15.4 5 ≈ 0.0065 21066700 −631.59 148.8 0.227 2000 Sheppard et al. Ananke
39 XXX Germippe♦ /hərˈmɪpiː/
 
 15.6 4 ≈ 0.0034 21108500 −633.90 150.2 0.219 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
40 LXX S/2017 J 9♦ 16.1 3 ≈ 0.0014 21768700 −666.11 155.5 0.200 2017 Sheppard et al. Ananke
41 LVIII Filofrosine‡ /fɪləˈfrɒzəniː/ 16.7 2 ≈ 0.00042 22604600 −702.54 146.3 0.229 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
42 XXXVIII Pazifeye♥ /ˈpæsəθiː/
 
 16.8 2 ≈ 0.00042 22846700 −719.47 164.6 0.270 2001 Sheppard et al. Karme
43 LXIX S/2017 J 8♥
 
 17.0 1 ≈ 0.000052 22849500 −719.76 164.8 0.255 2017 Sheppard et al. Karme
44 S/2003 J 24♥ 16.6 3 ≈ 0.0014 22887400 −721.60 164.5 0.259 2003 Sheppard et al. Karme
45 XXXII Evridome‡ /jʊəˈrɪdəmiː/
 
 16.2 3 ≈ 0.0014 22899000 −717.31 149.1 0.294 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
46 LVI S/2011 J 2‡ 16.8 1 ≈ 0.000052 22909200 −718.32 151.9 0.355 2011 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
47 S/2003 J 4‡
 
 16.7 2 ≈ 0.00042 22926500 −718.10 148.2 0.328 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
48 XXI Xaldene♥ /kælˈdiːniː/
 
 16.0 4 ≈ 0.0034 22930500 −723.71 164.7 0.265 2000 Sheppard et al. Karme
49 LXIII S/2017 J 2♥
 
 16.4 2 ≈ 0.00042 22953200 −724.71 164.5 0.272 2017 Sheppard et al. Karme
50 XXVI Isonoye♥ /aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/
 
 16.0 4 ≈ 0.0034 22981300 −726.27 164.8 0.249 2000 Sheppard et al. Karme
51 XLIV Kallixore♥ /kəˈlɪkəriː/ 16.4 2 ≈ 0.00042 23021800 −728.26 164.8 0.252 2003 Sheppard et al. Karme
52 XXV Erinome♥ /ɛˈrɪnəmiː/ (?)
 
 16.0 3 ≈ 0.0014 23032900 −728.48 164.4 0.276 2000 Sheppard et al. Karme
53 XXXVII Kale♥ /ˈkeɪliː/
 
 16.4 2 ≈ 0.00042 23052600 −729.64 164.6 0.262 2001 Sheppard et al. Karme
54 LVII Eirene♥ /aɪˈriːniː/ 15.8 4 ≈ 0.0034 23055800 −729.84 164.6 0.258 2003 Sheppard et al. Karme
55 XXXI Aitne♥ /ˈeɪtniː/
 
 16.0 3 ≈ 0.0014 23064400 −730.10 164.6 0.277 2001 Sheppard et al. Karme
56 XLVII Eukelade♥ /juːˈkɛlədiː/
 
 15.9 4 ≈ 0.0034 23067400 −730.30 164.6 0.277 2003 Sheppard et al. Karme
57 XLIII Arxe♥ /ˈɑːrkiː/
 
 16.2 3 ≈ 0.0014 23097800 −731.88 164.6 0.261 2002 Sheppard et al. Karme
58 XX Taygete♥ /teɪˈɪdʒətiː/
 
 15.5 5 ≈ 0.0065 23108000 −732.45 164.7 0.253 2000 Sheppard et al. Karme
59 LXXII S/2011 J 1♥ 16.7 2 ≈ 0.00042 23124500 −733.21 164.6 0.271 2011 Sheppard et al. Karme
60 XI Karme♥ /ˈkɑːrmiː/
 
 10.6 46.7 ≈ 5.3 23144400 −734.19 164.6 0.256 1938 Nicholson Karme
61 L Gerse♥ /ˈhɜːrsiː/ 16.5 2 ≈ 0.00042 23150500 −734.52 164.4 0.262 2003 Gladman et al. Karme
62 LXI S/2003 J 19♥ 16.6 2 ≈ 0.00042 23156400 −734.78 164.7 0.265 2003 Gladman et al. Karme
63 LI S/2010 J 1♥
 
 16.4 2 ≈ 0.00042 23189800 −736.51 164.5 0.252 2010 Jacobson et al. Karme
64 S/2003 J 9♥
 
 16.9 1 ≈ 0.000052 23199400 −736.86 164.8 0.263 2003 Sheppard et al. Karme
65 LXVI S/2017 J 5♥ 16.5 2 ≈ 0.00042 23206200 −737.28 164.8 0.257 2017 Sheppard et al. Karme
66 LXVII S/2017 J 6‡ 16.4 2 ≈ 0.00042 23245300 −733.99 149.7 0.336 2017 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
67 XXIII Kalike♥ /ˈkæləkiː/
 
 15.4 6.9 ≈ 0.017 23302600 −742.02 164.8 0.260 2000 Sheppard et al. Karme
68 XXXIX Gegemone‡ /həˈdʒɛməniː/ 15.9 3 ≈ 0.0014 23348700 −739.81 152.6 0.358 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
69 VIII Pasifaye‡ /pəˈsɪfeɪiː/
 
 10.1 57.8 ≈ 10 23468200 −743.61 148.4 0.412 1908 Melotte Pasifaye
70 XXXVI Sponde‡ /ˈspɒndiː/
 
 16.7 2 ≈ 0.00042 23543300 −748.29 149.3 0.322 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
71 (lost) S/2003 J 10♥
 
 16.8 2 ≈ 0.00042 23576300 −755.43 164.4 0.264 2003 Sheppard et al. Karme?
72 XIX Megaclite‡ /ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/
 
 15.0 5 ≈ 0.0065 23644600 −752.86 149.8 0.421 2000 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
73 XLVIII Killene‡ /səˈliːniː/ 16.3 2 ≈ 0.00042 23654700 −751.97 146.8 0.419 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
74 IX Sinope‡ /səˈnoʊpiː/
 
 11.1 35 ≈ 2.2 23683900 −758.85 157.3 0.264 1914 Nicholson Pasifaye
75 LIX S/2017 J 1‡
 
 16.6 2 ≈ 0.00042 23744800 −756.41 145.8 0.328 2017 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
76 XLI Aoede‡ /eɪˈiːdiː/ 15.6 4 ≈ 0.0034 23778200 −761.46 155.7 0.436 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
77 XXVIII Autonoe‡ /ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/
 
 15.5 4 ≈ 0.0034 23792500 −761.00 150.8 0.330 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
78 XVII Kallirroe‡ /kəˈlɪroʊiː/
 
 13.9 9.6 ≈ 0.046 23795500 −758.86 145.1 0.297 1999 Scotti et al. Pasifaye
79 S/2003 J 23‡
 
 16.6 2 ≈ 0.00042 23829300 −760.00 144.7 0.313 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye
80 XLIX Kore‡ /ˈkɔːriː/
 
 16.6 2 ≈ 0.00042 24205200 −776.76 141.5 0.328 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasifaye

Manbalar

tahrir
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Canup, Robert M. „Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites“, . Europa. University of Arizona Press (in press), 2009. 
  2. ↑ Alibert, Y.; Mousis, O.; Benz, W. (2005). "Modeling the Jovian subnebula I. Thermodynamic conditions and migration of proto-satellites". Astronomy & Astrophysics 439 (3): 1205–13. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052841. 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Chown. „Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons“. New Scientist (2009-yil 7-mart). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 18-mart.
  4. ↑ Jewitt, David; Haghighipour, Nader (2007). "Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 45 (1): 261–95. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092459. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090919020650/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/2007/JH07.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Xi, Zezong Z. (February 1981). "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo". Acta Astrophysica Sinica 1 (2): 87. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20201104160900/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TTWL198102000.htm. Qaraldi: 2022-07-29. Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari]]
  6. ↑ Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius Translated and prefaced by Albert Van Helden: . Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1989 — 14–16-bet. ISBN 0-226-27903-0. 
  7. ↑ Van Helden, Albert (March 1974). "The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century". Isis (The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society) 65 (1): 38–58. doi:10.1086/351216. 
  8. ↑ Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow". Journal for the History of Astronomy 46 (2): 218–234. doi:10.1177/0021828615585493. 
  9. ↑ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. doi:10.1086/101715. 
  10. ↑ Barnard, E. E. (9 January 1905). "Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 24 (18): 154B. doi:10.1086/103654. 
  11. ↑ Perrine, C. D. (1905). "The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 17 (101): 62–63. doi:10.1086/121624. 
  12. ↑ Melotte, P. J. (1908). "Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 68 (6): 456–457. doi:10.1093/mnras/68.6.456. 
  13. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 26 (1): 197–198. doi:10.1086/122336. PMID 16586574. PMC 1090718. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1090718. 
  14. ↑ Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50 (297): 292–293. doi:10.1086/124963. 
  15. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1951). "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 63 (375): 297–299. doi:10.1086/126402. 
  16. ↑ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 80: 460–464. doi:10.1086/111766. 
  17. ↑ Marsden, Brian G. (3 October 1975). "Probable New Satellite of Jupiter" (discovery telegram sent to the IAU). IAU Circular (Cambridge, US: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) 2845. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html. Qaraldi: 8 January 2011. Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari]]
  18. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science 210 (4471): 786–788. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. PMID 17739548. https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1980-11-14_210_4471/page/n100. 
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers International Astronomical Union (IAU)
  20. ↑ Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C. (5 May 2003). "An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter". Nature 423 (6937): 261–263. doi:10.1038/nature01584. PMID 12748634. 
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Williams, Matt. „How Many Moons Does Jupiter Have? - Universe Today“ (en-US). Universe Today (2015-yil 14-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 18-iyul.
  22. ↑ Bennett, Jay. „Jupiter Officially Has Two More Moons“ (en-US). Popular Mechanics (2017-yil 13-iyun). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 18-iyul.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 „A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one "oddball"“ (en). Carnegie Institution for Science (2018-yil 16-iyul). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 17-iyul.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Marazzini, C. (2005). "The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius" (it). Lettere Italiane 57 (3): 391–407. 
  25. ↑ Marazzini, Claudio (2005). "I nomi dei satelliti di Giove: da Galileo a Simon Marius (The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius)". Lettere Italiane 57 (3): 391–407. 
  26. ↑ Nicholson, Seth Barnes (April 1939). "The Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 51 (300): 85–94. doi:10.1086/125010. 
  27. ↑ Owen, Tobias (September 1976). "Jovian Satellite Nomenclature". Icarus 29 (1): 159–163. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90113-5. 
  28. ↑ Sagan, Carl (April 1976). "On Solar System Nomenclature". Icarus 27 (4): 575–576. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90175-5. 
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named shep
  30. ↑ „Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters“. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 28-mart.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jplsats
  32. ↑ Andoza:MW
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E. et al. (2000) The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report) IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites archived from the original on 2018-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20181031190003/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm. Qaraldi: 31 August 2008. 
  34. ↑ „Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary“. OxfordDictionaries.com. 2012-yil 21-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-yanvar.
  35. ↑ „Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary“. OxfordDictionaries.com. 2013-yil 14-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-yanvar.
  36. ↑ Andoza:MerriamWebsterDictionary


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