Darʼo

Darʼo
Darʼo; دَرْعَا
	Shahar
	32°37′00″N 36°6′00″E / 32.61667°N 36.10000°E
Mamlakat	Suriya
muhofaza	Darʼo
tuman	Darʼo
Hukumat
• Voliy	Loʻay Xareta
Markazi balandligi	435 m
Rasmiy til(lar)i	arab tili
Aholisi (2004)	97,969
Vaqt mintaqasi	UTC+3
Telefon kodi	+963 41
	Darʼo

Darʼo (arabcha: دَرْعَا / ALA-LC romanizatsiyasi: Dar‘ā) — Suriyaning janubi-gʻarbiy qismidagi shahar. Darʼo gubernatorligining maʼmuriy markazi.

Tarixi

Qadimgi tarixi

Darʼo kanʼonliklar davridan qolgan qadimiy shahardir. Miloddan avvalgi 1490—1436-yillar oraligʻida Firʼavn Tutmos III davriga oid Misr ieroglif yozuvlarida tilga olingan. Oʻsha kunlarda u Atharaa shahri sifatida tanilgan. Keyinchalik u ibroniy Injilida Edrei yoki Edreʼi (אֶדְרֶעִי)^[2], deb tilga olinadi. U isroilliklar podshoh Ogni magʻlub etgan jang boʻlgan Bashanning poytaxti sanaladi^[3]. Yahudiylarning urf-odatlariga koʻra, Eldad va Medad Edreyda dafn etilgan^[4].

Klassik davr

Yunon Salavkiylar imperiyasida va keyinchalik 106-yilda Trayan tomonidan qoʻshilgan Rim imperiyasida shahar Adraa (Ἀδράα)^[5] nomi bilan tanilgan, bu nom tanga zarb qilinganida ishlatilgan^[6]^[7]. Arabia Petraea viloyati tarkibiga kiritilgan^[8] .

3-asrga kelib u polis (oʻzini oʻzi boshqaradigan shahar) maqomiga ega boʻldi. Rim tarixchisi Yevseviy Adraani Arabistonning mashhur polisi deb atagan^[3]^[9]. Adraadan sharqda joylashgan hudud ebionitlarning markazi edi^[10]^[11]. Adraaning oʻzi xristian yeparxiyasi boʻlgan. 359-yildagi Salavkiya kengashida Adraaning birinchi yepiskopi Arabio ishtirok etgan. Uran 381-yilda Konstantinopolning birinchi kengashida, Prokl 448-yilda Konstantinopolning Evtixlarga qarshi sinodida va 451-yilda Xalkidon kengashida va Dorimenius 553-yilda Konstantinopol ikkinchi kengashida ishtirok etgan^[12]^[13]. Bu vaqtga kelib u turar-joy yepiskopligi emas, Adraa bugungi kunda katolik cherkovi tomonidan titul kafedra sifatida roʻyxatga olingan^[14]. Shuningdek, u Suriya choʻlidagi monastir va missionerlik faoliyati markazi boʻlgan.

614-yilda sosoniy forslar 602—628-yillardagi Vizantiya-Sosoniy urushi paytida Adraani talon-taroj qilishdi, ammo aholini saqlab qolishdi^[8]

Manbalar

↑ „President al-Assad issues decrees appointing new governors for four Syrian provinces“ (en-US). SANA (2021-yil 17-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 17-noyabr.
↑ Numbers 21:33 and Deuteronomy 3:1
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Negev, p. 150.
↑ Burial Places of the Fathers, published by Yehuda Levi Nahum in book: Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (Heb. צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן), Tel-Aviv 1986, p. 253 OCLC 15417732
↑ William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1864): Adraa
↑ Catalogue of the Greek coins in The British Museum, 2004. ISBN 9785872102076.
↑ „Ancient coins of Arabia“. snible.org.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 Sharon, 2007, p. 68
↑ Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 B. C.-A. D. 337 (Harvard University Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-67477886-3), p. 419
↑ Adolf Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, Book 4, Chapter 3, section 1
↑ Albertus Frederik Johannes Klijn, G. J. Reinink, Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects (Brill Archive 1973 ISBN 978-9-00403763-2), p. 29
↑ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 859-860
↑ Siméon Vailhé, v. Adraa, in Dictionnaire d’Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. I, Paris 1909, coll. 592-593
↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838

Adabiyotlar

Houtsma, M.Th.. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam. BRILL, 1993. ISBN 9004097961.
Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal. Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 1977. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
Le Strange, G.. Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1890.
Moubayed, S.M.. Steel and Silk. Cune Press, 2006. ISBN 9781885942401.
Robinson, E.; Smith, E.. Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Boston: Crocker & Brewster, 1841.
Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.
Schumacher, G.. Across the Jordan: being an exploration and survey of part of Hauran and Jaulan. Bentley, 1888.
Sharon, M.. Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum. Brill, 2007. ISBN 978-9004157804.

[1] „President al-Assad issues decrees appointing new governors for four Syrian provinces“ (en-US). SANA (2021-yil 17-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 17-noyabr.

[Deuteronomy-2] Numbers 21:33 and Deuteronomy 3:1

[Negev-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Negev, p. 150.

[4] Burial Places of the Fathers, published by Yehuda Levi Nahum in book: Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (Heb. צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן), Tel-Aviv 1986, p. 253 OCLC 15417732

[5] William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1864): Adraa

[6] Catalogue of the Greek coins in The British Museum, 2004. ISBN 9785872102076.

[7] „Ancient coins of Arabia“. snible.org.

[Sharon68-8] 8,0 ^8,1 Sharon, 2007, p. 68

[9] Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 B. C.-A. D. 337 (Harvard University Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-67477886-3), p. 419

[10] Adolf Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, Book 4, Chapter 3, section 1

[11] Albertus Frederik Johannes Klijn, G. J. Reinink, Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects (Brill Archive 1973 ISBN 978-9-00403763-2), p. 29

[12] Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 859-860

[13] Siméon Vailhé, v. Adraa, in Dictionnaire d’Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. I, Paris 1909, coll. 592-593

[14] Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838

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