Yavan rusa keyiki

Yavan rusa kiyiki
	Urgʻochi va erkak kiyik, Baluran Milliy qoʻriqxonasi, Shimoliy Yava, Indonesia
Ilmiy klassifikatsiyalanishi
Olam:	Hayvonlar
Tip:	Xordalilar
Sinf:	Sut emizuvchilar
Turkum:	Kiyiksimonlar
Oila:	Quvushshoxlilar
Urugʻ:	Rusa
Tur:	R. timorensis
Binar nomenklatura
	Rusa timorensis; ; (Blainville, 1822-yil)

Yavan rusa yoki Sunda sambar (Rusa timorensis) – Indoneziya va Sharqiy Timorda tarqalgan yirik kiyik turi hisoblanadi . Yer sharining janubiy yarim qismlarida yavan rusa populyatsiyasini uchratish mumkin.

Taksonomiyasi

Yavan rusa kiyigini 1988-yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Indoneziya rupiya valyutasida tasvirlangan

Yavan rusasining etti kenja turi bor ^[3]:

R. t. timorensis (Timor rusa kiyik) – Timor .
R. t. Djonga – Muna va Butung orollari.
R. t. floresiensis (Flores rusa kiyik) – Flores va boshqa orollar.
R. t. macassaricus (Celebes rusa kiyiki) – Sulavesi .
R. t. moluccensis (Moluccan rusa kiyiki) – Maluku orollari .
R. t. renchi – Bali .
R. t. russa (Yavan rusa kiyik) – Java .

Xususiyatlari

Yavan rusasi kiyikining rangi toʻq qora jigarrang va peshonasi kulrang rangda bo'ladi. Uning orqa tomoni deyarli qora, pastki va ichki sonlari sargʻish jigarrang. Qorni och jigarrang, dumning uchi esa toʻq qora jigarrang. Koʻkrakidagi junlari qolgan tanasidagi junlarga qaraganda dagʻal va uzunroq. Quloqlari keng, boshidan bir oz qisqaroq. Shoxlari oʻrta uzunlikda va ancha keng, yuqori shoxlari oldinga qarab qayrilgan ^[4]. Bugʻuchalar dogʻsiz tugʻiladi. Erkaklari urgʻochilariga qaraganda kattaroq boʻladi; boshidan tanagacha boʻlgan uzunligi 142 sm dan 185 sm gacha, dumi 20 sm gacha boʻladi. Erkaklarning vazni 152-160, urgʻochisi esa taxminan 74 kg boʻladi^[5].

Tarqalishi va yashash joyi

Baluran milliy bogʻidagi rus kiyiklari podasi

Yavan rusa kiyiki asli Indoneziyadagi Java, Bali va Timor orollarida tarqalgan. Shuningdek u Irian Jaya, Borneo, Kichik Sunda orollari, Maluku, Sulavesi, Pohnpei, Mavrikiy, Reunion, Fidji, Tonga, Samoa, Vanuatu, Solomon orollari, Rojdestvo orollari, Kokos orollari, Avstraliya, Main orollari, Yangi Kaledoniya, Yangi Zelandiya, Papua – Yangi Gvineya, Yangi Britaniya va Yangi Irlandiya ^[6] ^[7] olib kelinib koʻpaytirilgan. Yavan rusa kiyiki 1900-yillarning boshlarida gollandlar tomonidan Yangi Gvineyaga ham olib kelinib koʻpaytirilgan ^[8].

Gʻarbiy Papua pasttekisligiga olib kelinib, koʻpaytirila boshlagandan beri, bu tur keng tarqalib keta boshladi. Ammo, soʻnggi yigirma yil ichida uning mahalliy hududilardagi populyatsiyasi taxminan 10 000 bosh turi sezilarli darajada kamaydi va ehtimol yanada kamayishi mumkinligi aytilmoqda. Buning natijasida, u oʻzi yashaydigan tabiiy hududlarida himoyasiz turlar roʻyxatiga kiritildi va 2018-yilda Indoneziya qonunchiligi boʻyicha himoyalangan turlar deb eʼlon qilindi ^[9].

1980-1990-yillarda milliy bogʻlar kabi qoʻriqlana hududlaridagi yaylovlar brakonerlik faoliyatini cheklash va nazorat qilish uchun ishlatilgan. Shunga qaramay, Indoneziyadagi Baluran milliy bogʻida invaziv tikanli akatsiyalarning koʻpayishi natijasida yaylovlar yoʻqolganligi sababli koʻplab yavan rusla kiyiklari nobud boʻldi ^[10].

Ekologiyasi

Javan rusa tunda faol boʻlishadi, garchi ular kunduzi oʻtlasalar ham ^[11]. Ular kamdan-kam hollarda ochiq joylarda koʻrish mumkin va ularning oʻtkir sezgi qobiliyati va ehtiyotkor instinktlari tufayli ularga yaqinlashish juda qiyin.

Rusa kiyiklari koʻpincha kichik guruhlar hosil qilib yoki juft boʻlib yashashadi, garchi erkaklar koʻpincha yolgʻiz koʻrinadi ^[12]. Xavotirga tushganda, rusa kiyik juda baland ovozda signal beradi. Bu signal qoʻngʻirogʻi hisoblanadi va yaqin atrofdagi boshqa kiyiklarni ogohlantiradi.

Javan rusa kiyiklari boshqa kiyik turlarida boʻlgani kabi, Javan rusasi asosan oʻt, barglar va tushgan mevalar bilan oziqlanadi. Ularning suvga boʻlgan ehtiyojining asosiy qismi isteʼmol qilinadigan oziq-ovqat orqali qondiriladi, shuning uchun ular deyarli suv ichishmaydi^[13].

Yirtqichlar

Yavan rusa kiyigining asosiy yirtqich hayvonlari Yavan leopari, sunda bulutli leopard, yovoyi itlar, estuarin timsohi, toʻrsimon piton, Rinka, Komodo va Flores orollarida Komodo kaltakesagi hisoblanadi ^[14] ^[15].

Koʻpayishi

Yava rusasi iyul va avgust oylarida juftlashadi, bu vaqtda kiyiklar baland ovoz chiqarishadi va shoxlari bilan jang qilishadi. Urgʻochi kiyiklarning homiladorlik davri 8 oyl davom etadi va bahorning boshida bir yoki ikkita buzoqni tugʻadi. Buzoqlar yashash sharoitiga qarab 6-8 oyligida sutdan ajratiladi, jinsiy etuklikka esa 3-5 yoshda yetshadi. Yavan ruslari kiyiki yovvoyi tabiatda ham, xonakilashtirilganda ham 15-20 yil yashaydi ^[16] ^[17].

Maʼlumotnomalar

↑ Grubb, P. (2005).
↑ Grubb, P. (2005). „Species Rusa timorensis“. In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 670. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
↑ Grubb, P. (2005).
↑ Fitzinger, L. J. (1875). "Kritische Untersuchungen über die Arten der natürlichen Familie der Hirsche (Cervi). II. Abtheilung". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 70: 239–333. https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte70kais/page/316/mode/2up.
↑ „Rusa, Sunda sambar“. Ultimate Ungulate.
↑ Hedges, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G.; Dryden, G. (2015). „Rusa timorensis“. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41789A22156866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41789A22156866.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
↑ Long, J.L.. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Cabi Publishing, 2003. ISBN 9780851997483.
↑ Georges, A.; Guarino, F.; Bito, B. (2006). "Freshwater turtles of the TransFly region of Papua New Guinea – notes on diversity, distribution, reproduction, harvest and trade". Wildlife Research 33 (5): 373–375. doi:10.1071/wr05087. http://ww.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR05087. ^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}
↑ Pangau‐Adam, Margaretha; Flassy, Marlina; Trei, Jan‐Niklas; Waltert, Matthias; Soofi, Mahmood (January 2022). "The role of the introduced rusa deer Cervus timorensis for wildlife hunting in West Papua, Indonesia" (en). Ecological Solutions and Evidence 3 (1). doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12118. ISSN 2688-8319.
↑ Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01). "A review of the genus Rusa in the indo-malayan archipelago and conservation efforts" (en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (1): 10–26. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.024. ISSN 1319-562X. PMID 33424278. PMC 7783680. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7783680.
↑ Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01). "A review of the genus Rusa in the indo-malayan archipelago and conservation efforts" (en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (1): 10–26. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.024. ISSN 1319-562X. PMID 33424278. PMC 7783680. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7783680. Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01).
↑ Pangau‐Adam, Margaretha; Flassy, Marlina; Trei, Jan‐Niklas; Waltert, Matthias; Soofi, Mahmood (January 2022). "The role of the introduced rusa deer Cervus timorensis for wildlife hunting in West Papua, Indonesia" (en). Ecological Solutions and Evidence 3 (1). doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12118. ISSN 2688-8319. Pangau‐Adam, Margaretha; Flassy, Marlina; Trei, Jan‐Niklas; Waltert, Matthias; Soofi, Mahmood (January 2022).
↑ Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01). "A review of the genus Rusa in the indo-malayan archipelago and conservation efforts" (en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (1): 10–26. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.024. ISSN 1319-562X. PMID 33424278. PMC 7783680. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7783680. Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01).
↑ „Rusa, Sunda sambar“. Ultimate Ungulate.„Rusa, Sunda sambar“.
↑ Reyes. „Rusa timorensis“. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web.
↑ Reyes. „Rusa timorensis“. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web.Reyes, E. „Rusa timorensis“.
↑ „Rusa, Sunda sambar“. Ultimate Ungulate.„Rusa, Sunda sambar“.

Qoʻshimcha havolalar

„Rusa timorensis“. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan.
„Feral rusa deer“. Queensland Government, Australia (2020-yil 18-may). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 27-iyun.

[ms3-1] Grubb, P. (2005).

[mw-2] Grubb, P. (2005). „Species Rusa timorensis“. In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 670. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[mbw-3] Grubb, P. (2005).

[4] Fitzinger, L. J. (1875). "Kritische Untersuchungen über die Arten der natürlichen Familie der Hirsche (Cervi). II. Abtheilung". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 70: 239–333. https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte70kais/page/316/mode/2up.

[hufman-5] „Rusa, Sunda sambar“. Ultimate Ungulate.

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-6] Hedges, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G.; Dryden, G. (2015). „Rusa timorensis“. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41789A22156866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41789A22156866.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[7] Long, J.L.. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Cabi Publishing, 2003. ISBN 9780851997483.

[8] Georges, A.; Guarino, F.; Bito, B. (2006). "Freshwater turtles of the TransFly region of Papua New Guinea – notes on diversity, distribution, reproduction, harvest and trade". Wildlife Research 33 (5): 373–375. doi:10.1071/wr05087. http://ww.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR05087. ^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

[:0j-9] Pangau‐Adam, Margaretha; Flassy, Marlina; Trei, Jan‐Niklas; Waltert, Matthias; Soofi, Mahmood (January 2022). "The role of the introduced rusa deer Cervus timorensis for wildlife hunting in West Papua, Indonesia" (en). Ecological Solutions and Evidence 3 (1). doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12118. ISSN 2688-8319.

[:1b-10] Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01). "A review of the genus Rusa in the indo-malayan archipelago and conservation efforts" (en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (1): 10–26. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.024. ISSN 1319-562X. PMID 33424278. PMC 7783680. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7783680.

[:1h-11] Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01). "A review of the genus Rusa in the indo-malayan archipelago and conservation efforts" (en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (1): 10–26. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.024. ISSN 1319-562X. PMID 33424278. PMC 7783680. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7783680. Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01).

[:f0-12] Pangau‐Adam, Margaretha; Flassy, Marlina; Trei, Jan‐Niklas; Waltert, Matthias; Soofi, Mahmood (January 2022). "The role of the introduced rusa deer Cervus timorensis for wildlife hunting in West Papua, Indonesia" (en). Ecological Solutions and Evidence 3 (1). doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12118. ISSN 2688-8319. Pangau‐Adam, Margaretha; Flassy, Marlina; Trei, Jan‐Niklas; Waltert, Matthias; Soofi, Mahmood (January 2022).

[:14-13] Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01). "A review of the genus Rusa in the indo-malayan archipelago and conservation efforts" (en). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28 (1): 10–26. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.024. ISSN 1319-562X. PMID 33424278. PMC 7783680. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7783680. Ali, Nur Alizati Nabila Giarat; Abdullah, Mohd Lutfi; Nor, Siti Azizah Mohd; Pau, Tan Min; Kulaimi, Noor Azleen Mohd; Naim, Darlina Md (2021-01-01).

[huffmn-14] „Rusa, Sunda sambar“. Ultimate Ungulate.„Rusa, Sunda sambar“.

[dw-15] Reyes. „Rusa timorensis“. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web.

[adw-16] Reyes. „Rusa timorensis“. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web.Reyes, E. „Rusa timorensis“.

[huffan-17] „Rusa, Sunda sambar“. Ultimate Ungulate.„Rusa, Sunda sambar“.

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