Afrodita

Afrodita (AF-rə-DY-tee, Attic Greek pronunciation: [a.pʰro.dǐː.tɛː], Koinē Greek: [a.ɸroˈdi.te̝], Greek pronunciation: [a.froˈði.ti]) — qadimgi yunon maʼbudasi, sevgi, shahvat, goʻzallik, zavq, ehtiros, nasl bilan bogʻliq va uning sinkretlangan Rim maʼbudasi Venera singari, istak, jinsiy aloqa, unumdorlik, farovonlik va gʻalaba ramzi. Afrodita bilan birgalikda qoʻllanadigan asosiy elementlarga dengiz chigʻanoqlari, mirtlar, atirgullar, kaptarlar, chumchuqlar va oqqushlar kiradi. Afroditaga sigʻinish asosan Sharqiy Som maʼbudasi Inannaning qarindoshi boʻlgan Finikiya maʼbudasi Astartedan kelib chiqqan boʻlib, uning kulti shumerlarning Inanna kultiga asoslangan. Afroditaga sigʻinadiganlarning asosiy diniy markazlari Sitera, Kipr, Korinf va Afina boʻlgan. Ularning asosiy bayrami Afrodiziya boʻlib, u har yili yoz oʻrtalarida nishonlanadi. Lakoniyada Afroditaga jangchi maʼbuda sifatida sigʻinishgan. Shuningdek, u fohishalarning homiy maʼbudasi boʻlgan, bu uyushma qadimgi olimlarni yunon-rim madaniyatida „ilohiy fohishalik“ tushunchasini kiritishiga olib kelgan. Bugungi kunda mazkur gʻoya notoʻgʻri deb hisoblaniladi.

Afrodita
maʼbuda
Member of Oʻn ikki olimpiyachi
Afrodita haykali
Yashash joy(lar)i	Olimp togʻi
Sayyora	Venera
Jonivorlar	delfin, chumchuq, kaptar, oqqush, quyon, gʻoz, ari, baliq, kapalak
atirgul, dengiz chigʻanogʻi, marvarid, oyna, kamar, anemona, marul, narcissus
pink
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlar
Ota-onasi	Zevs va Diona (Homer boʻyicha)
Konsortlari	Gefest (ajrashgan) Ares (turmushga chiqmagan turmush oʻrtogʻi) Bir nechta sevishganlar
Bolalari	Eros, Fobos, Deimos, Garmoniya, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Germafrodit, Rodos, Eriks, Peitho, Greyslar, Berolar, Golgos, Priapus, Eney
Ekvivalentlari
Rimcha ekvivalenti	Venera
Canaanite ekvivalenti	Astarte
Misr ekvivalenti	Hathor, Isis

Gesiodning Teogoniyasida Afrodita Cythera qirgʻogʻida koʻpikdan (ἀφρός ., aphrós) tugʻilgani aytiladi. Unga koʻra, bu koʻpiklar Uranning oʻgʻli Kronus kesib, dengizga tashlagan, jinsiy aʼzolaridan hosil boʻlgan. Gomerning Iliadasida esa, u Zevs va Dionaning qizi deya tariflanadi. Platon oʻzining Simpoziumida bu ikki kelib chiqishni aslida alohida shaxslarga tegishli ekanligini taʼkidlaydi, ular: Afrodita Uraniya („Samoviy“ Afrodita) va Afrodita Pandemos („barcha odamlar“ uchun umumiy Afrodita)dir. Afroditaning boshqa koʻplab epitetlari boʻlgan, ularning har biri ayni bir maʼbudaning boshqa turli jihatlarini oʻizda namoyish qiladi yoki boshqa mahalliy madaniyat tomonidan qoʻllanadi. Shuningdek, u Cytherea (Kithera xonimi) va Cypris (Kipr xonimi) sifatida ham tanilgan, chunki ikkala hudud ham uning tugʻilgan joyi sifatida taʼriflangan.

Yunon mifologiyasiga koʻra, Afrodita olov, temirchilik va metallga ishlov berish xudosi Gefestga turmushga chiqadi. Afrodita unga koʻp bora xiyonat qilgan. Shuningdek, uning koʻplab oshiqlari boʻlgan. Odisseyda u urush xudosi Ares bilan zino qilib qoʻlga tushadi. Afrodita birinchi Homerik madhiyasida marhum choʻpon Anchisesni aldaydi. Afrodita, shuningdek, yovvoyi choʻchqa tomonidan oʻldirilgan choʻponlar homiysi Adonisning surrogat onasi va sevgilisi hamdir. Afrodita Afina va Gera bilan birga troya urushining boshlanishiga sabab boʻlgan uchta maʼbudadan biri edi. U Iliadada muhim rol oʻynaydi. Afrodita Gʻarb sanʼatida ayol goʻzalligining ramzi sifatida tasvirlangan va Gʻarb adabiyotining koʻplab namunalarida ham tilga olinadi. U zamonaviy neopagan dinlarida ham ilohiylashtirilgan, jumladan Afrodita, Vikka va Ellenismos bu dindagi asosiy xudolardir.

Etimologiyasi

Gesiod Afrodita ismini aphrós (ἀφρός) „dengiz koʻpigi“ soʻzidan olingan, deb hisoblagan, shunga koʻra, maʼbuda ismi „koʻpikdan vujudga kelgan“ deb talqin qiladi. Lekin koʻpchilik zamonaviy olimlar buni soxta xalq etimologiyasi, deb hisoblashadi. Klassik mifologiyaning dastlabki zamonaviy olimlari Afroditaning nomi yunon yoki hind-yevropa tillaridan kelib chiqqan boʻlishi mumkinligi haqida bahslashishadi, ammo hozirgacha bu iddaolarning barchasi inkor qilingan. Afrodita nomi yunoncha boʻlmagan (ehtimol som tili) tildan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi, ammo uning aniq kelib chiqishi haqida yetarlicha maʼlumot mavjud emas.

Kipr orolida miloddan avvalgi XI asrdan IV asrgacha ishlatilgan boʻgʻin yozuvida maʼbudaning nomi turli shakllarda hosil qilingan. Jumladan, 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠭𐠃𐠂 (a-po-ro-ta-oi, oʻngdan chapga tomon oʻqiladi), 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠯𐠭𐠂 (a-po-ro-ti-ta-i, oʻngdan chapga tomon oʻqiladi) va 𐠀𐠡𐠦𐠯𐠪𐠈 (a-po-ro-ti-si-jo, „Aphrodisian“, „Aphrodita bilan bogʻliq“, oʻngdan chapga tomon oʻqiladi) singari koʻrinishlari qoʻllangan.

Kelib chiqishi

Yaqin Sharqda sevgi maʼbudasi

Miloddan avvalgi II ming yillikning oxirlarida Suza shahridan topilgan, yalangʻoch maʼbudaning haykalchasi toj kiygan va koʻkragini changallagan holda tasvirlangan.

Miloddan avvalgi V asr boshlarida, Kiprdagi Afrodita haykali, u silindrli toj kiygan va qoʻlida kaptar tutgan

Yunonistonda Afrodita kulti boshqa millatlar madaniyatidan oʻtgan yoki hech boʻlmaganda Finikiyadagi Astarte kultidan taʼsirlangan holda paydo boʻlgan degan qarashlar mavjud. Oʻz navbatida, Mesopotamiyadagi maʼbudalarga sigʻinish madaniyati ham taʼsir qilgan boʻlishi mumkin. Sharqiy som xalqlarining „Ishtar“ va shumerlarning „Inanna“ singari maʼbudalari bunga misol boʻla oladi. Pausaniasning taʼkidlashicha, Afroditaga sigʻinishni birinchi boʻlib ossuriyaliklar, keyin Kipr pafiylari, keyinchalik esa Askalondagi finikiyaliklar amalga oshirgan. Finikiyaliklar, oʻz navbatida, Kitera xalqiga oʻzlari singari Afroditaga sigʻinishni oʻrgatishgan.

Afrodita Inanna-Ishtarning shahvoniylik va nasl bilan aloqalari singari qobiliyatlarini oʻzida namoyon etadi. Bundan tashqari, u „samoviy“ degan maʼnoni anglatuvchi Ourania (Οὐρανία) nomi bilan ham tanilgan. Ayni shu unvon Inannaning Osmon malikasi nomiga mos keladi. Afroditaning dastlabki badiiy va adabiy tasvirlari Inanna-Ishtarnikiga juda oʻxshash. Inanna-Ishtar singari, Afrodita ham jangchi maʼbuda boʻlgan. Milodiy ikkinchi asrda yashagan yunon geografi Pausaniasning qayd etishicha, Spartada Afroditaga Afrodita Areia nomi bilan sajda qilishgan, bu nom „jangchi“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi. U, shuningdek, Afroditaning Sparta va Kiteradagi eng qadimiy kult haykallarida uning qoʻllari koʻtarilgan holdagi tasvirlari borligini eslab oʻtadi. Zamonaviy olimlar Afroditaning jangchi-maʼbudaligi unga sigʻinuvchilarning eng qadimgi qatlamlarida paydo boʻlganligini taʼkidlaydilar va buni uning Yaqin Sharqdan kelib chiqqanligining belgisi sifatida koʻrishadi.

Hind-yevropa mintaqasida tong maʼbudasi

Afroditaning Yaqin Sharqdan kelib chiqishi haqidagi gʻoyalarga qarshi boʻlgan baʼzi ilk qiyosiy mifologlar, Afrodita yunon tong maʼbudasi Eosning ayrim jihatlarini oʻzida namoyon qilgan iloha sifatida paydo boʻlgan va shuning uchun u proto-hind-yevropa tong maʼbudasi *H_aéusōs (yunoncha Eos, lotincha Aurora, Sanskritcha Ushas) dan kelib chiqqan, deb taʼkidlaydilar. Hozirgi zamon olimlarining aksariyati sof hind-yevropamadaniyatiga xos Afrodita tushunchasini rad etishadi. Lekin asli som xudosi boʻlgan hind-yevropa tong maʼbudasining Afroditaga taʼsiri boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin. Afrodita ham, Eos ham oʻzlarining erotik goʻzalligi va tajovuzkor tarzdagi shahvoniy istaklari bilan tanilgan. Shuningdek, ikkalasi ham oʻlik oshiqlari bilan jinsiy aloqada boʻlgan. Ikkala maʼbuda ham qizil, oq va oltin ranglar bilan aloqador holda tasvirlanadi. Michael Janda, Afrodita ismini Eosning epiteti sifatida „[okean] koʻpigidan koʻtarilgan“ maʼnosini anglatadi va Gesiodning Teogoniyadagi Afroditaning tugʻilishi haqidagi hikoyasini hind-yevropa afsonasining arxaik refleksi sifatidagi namoyishi, deb hisoblaydi. Kronus Uranni mitema sifatida magʻlub etgandan soʻng suvdan koʻtarilgan Afrodita Indraning Vrtrani magʻlub etib, Ushasni ozod qilish haqidagi Rigvedik afsonasi bilan bevosita bogʻliq ekanligi iddao qilinadi. Afrodita va hind-yevropa tong maʼbudasi oʻrtasidagi yana bir muhim oʻxshashlik uning yunon osmon xudosi bilan yaqin qarindoshligidir, chunki uning otaligiga asosiy daʼvogarlar (Zevs va Uran) osmon xudolaridir.

Epitetlari

Afroditaning eng keng tarqalgan kultik epiteti „samoviy“ degan maʼnoni anglatuvchi Ourania hisoblanadi, lekin bu epitet deyarli hech bir adabiy matnlarda uchramagan, bu esa ilohaning sof kultik ahamiyatga ega ekanligini koʻrsatadi. Afroditaning yana bir umumiy nomi Pandemos („Barcha xalq uchun“) boʻlgan. Afrodita Pandemos rolida Peytō (Πείθω „ishontirish“ maʼnosini anglatadi) bilan bogʻliq holda tasvirlangan. Odamlar undan vasvasa vaqtida yordam soʻrab, ibodat qilishgan. Platon simpoziumidagi Pausaniasning fikrlariga binoan, Ourania va Pandemos, aslida, alohida maʼbudalar ekanligini tasvirlanadi. Uning taʼkidlashicha, Afrodita Ourania — Kronus Uranni kastratsiya qilganidan keyin dengiz koʻpigidan tugʻilgan samoviy Afrodita boʻlib, qolgan ikki maʼbudaning eng kattasi boʻlgan. Simpoziumdagi tarifga koʻra, Afrodita Ourania erkak gomoseksual istagi, xususan, efebik Eros va Pederastiyaning ilhomi mahsulidir. Afrodita Pandemos, aksincha, Zevs va Dionaning birligidan tugʻilgan oddiy Afrodita va geteroseksual istak va jinsiy fohishalik ilhomidan paydo boʻlgan Afrodita Uraniyadan „kichik“dir. Paphian (Παφία) Kiprdagi Pafosdan keyingi Afroditaning epitetlaridan biri boʻlgan, Kiprda u tugʻilgan vaqtida dengizdan chiqib kelgan

Geneologiyasi

Afroditaning oila daraxti
Uranus Geya Uranning jinsiy aʼzolari Koy Foibe Kronus Rea Leto Zevs Gera Poseydon Aid Demetra Xestiya Apollon Artemida     a      b Ares Hephaestus Metida Afina Maia Hermes Semela Dionis Diona     a      b AFRODITA

Yana qarang

• Anchises
• Ashera
• Amur
• Afrodita kamari
• Lakshmi, Afrodita kabi okeandan koʻtarilgan va Ishtar kabi 8 qirrali yulduzga ega maʼbuda.

Adabiyotlar

• OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

• Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Evelyn-White, Hugh, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.
• Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Euripides, The Complete Greek Drama', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 2. The Phoenissae, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
• Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Ovid, Metamorphoses. Translated by A. D. Melville; introduction and notes by E. J. Kenney. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-953737-2.
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
• Gaius Julius Hyginus, Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Ames-Lewis, Francis (2000), The Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09295-4
• Alexander, Timothy Jay (2007), Hellenismos Today (First-nashr), Lulu Press, Inc., ISBN 978-1-4303-1427-1
• Anderson, Graham (2000), Fairytale in the Ancient World, London: Routledge, 131–32-bet, ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4
• Arscott, Caroline; Scott, Katie, muh. (2000), Manifestations of Venus: Art and Sexuality, Critical Perspectives in Art History, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0719055225
• Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, London: The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6
• Boedeker, Deborah (1974), Aphrodite's Entry into Greek Epic, Leiden, Germany: Brill, 15–16-betAndoza:ISBN?
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, 1-jild, Leiden and Boston: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4
• Bonner, Campbell (1949), „KESTOS IMAS and the Saltire of Aphrodite“, The American Journal of Philology, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 70 (1): 1–6, doi:10.2307/290961, ISSN 0002-9475, JSTOR 290961
• Bordes, Philippe (2005), Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University, ISBN 0-300-10447-2
• Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, VI-jild, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 0-8028-2330-0
• Breitenberger, Barbara (2007), Aphrodite and Eros: The Development of Greek Erotic Mythology, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96823-2
• Brooks, Richard A.; Alden, Douglas W. (1980), A Critical Bibliography of French Literature, 6-jild, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-2207-4
• Bull, Malcolm (2005), The Mirror of the Gods: How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-521923-6
• Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993), Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender (reprint-nashr), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 29-bet, ISBN 978-0812214314
• Budin, Stephanie L. (2010), „Aphrodite Enoplion“, in Smith, Amy C.; Pickup, Sadie (muh.), Brill's Companion to Aphrodite, Brill's Companions in Classical Studies (inglizcha), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers, 85–86, 96, 100, 102–03, 112, 123, 125-bet, ISBN 978-9047444503
• Burkert, Walter (1985), Greek Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36281-0
• Burkert, Walter (1998) [1992], The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674643642
• Burkert, Walter (2005), „Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections“, in Foley, John Miles (muh.), A Companion to Ancient Epic, New York and London: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4051-0524-8
• Cameron, Alan. Greek Mythography in the Roman World. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517121-7. 
• Clark, Nora (2015), Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis, Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-7127-3
• Clifton, Chas S. (2006), Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America, Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press, ISBN 978-0-7591-0201-9
• Cunningham, Lawrence S.; Reich, John Jay (2009), Culture & Values, Volume II: A Survey of the Humanities with Readings, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-0-495-56926-8
• Cyrino, Monica S. (2010), Aphrodite, Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6
• Delcourt, Marie (1961), Hermaphrodite: Myths and Rites of the Bisexual Figure in Classical Antiquity, Nicholson, Jennifer tomonidan tarjima qilingan, London: Studio Books, 27-bet
• Dumézil, Georges (1934), Ouranos-Vàruna: Ètude de mythologie compáree indo-européene, Paris: MaisonneuveAndoza:ISBN?
• Dunand, Françoise (2007), „The Religious System in Alexandria“, in Ogden, Daniel (muh.), A Companion to Greek Religion, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 253–63-bet, ISBN 978-1-4051-2054-8
• Fossi, Gloria (1998), Botticelli. Primavera. (Inglese-nashr), Giunti Editore Firenze Italy, ISBN 978-88-09-21459-0
• Frisk, Hjalmar (1960), Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1-jild, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 196 f-bet
• Gallagher, Ann-Marie (2005), The Wicca Bible: The Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft, New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., ISBN 1-4027-3008-X
• Gantz, Timothy (1996), Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9
• Gay, Peter (1998), Pleasure Wars: The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company, ISBN 0-393-31827-3
• Grant, Michael (1989), The Classical Greeks, History of Civilization, New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, ISBN 0-684-19126-1
• Graves, Robert (1960) [1955], The Greek Myths, London: Penguin, ISBN 978-0241952740
• Graz, F. (1984), Eck, W. (muh.), „Women, War, and Warlike Divinities“, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 55 (55): 250, JSTOR 20184039
• Hansen, William (2004), Handbook of Classical Mythology, Saint Barbara: ABC-Clio, ISBN 978-1576072264
• Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
• Havelock, Christine Mitchell (2007) [1995], The Aphrodite of Knidos and Her Successors: A Historical Review of the Female Nude in Greek Art, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-03277-8
• Hill, Laban Carrick (2007), A Brush With Napoleon: An Encounter With Jacques-Louis David, Art Encounters, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, ISBN 978-0-8230-0417-1
• Hiscock, Andrew (2017), „"Suppose thou dost defend me from what is past": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and the appetite for ancient memory“, in Hiscock, Andrew; Wilder, Lina Perkins (muh.), The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Memory, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-74594-7
• Iossif, Panagiotis; Lorber, Catharine (2007), „Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros“ (PDF), L'Antiquité Classique, 76: 77, doi:10.3406/antiq.2007.2618, ISSN 0770-2817, JSTOR 41665635
• Janda, Michael (2005), Elysion. Entstehung und Entwicklung der griechischen Religion, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen, ISBN 978-3851247022
• Janda, Michael (2010), Die Musik nach dem Chaos: der Schöpfungsmythos der europäischen Vorzeit, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen, ISBN 978-3851242270
• Konaris, Michael D. (2016), The Greek Gods in Modern Scholarship: Interpretation and Belief in Nineteenth Century and Early Twentieth Century Germany and Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873789-6
• Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27048-1
• Koloski-Ostrow, Ann Olga; Lyons, Claire L. (2000), Naked Truths: Women, Sexuality, and Gender in Classical Art and Archaeology, New York and London: Routledge, 230–31-bet, ISBN 0415217520
• Lákta, Peter (2017), „"All Adonises Must Die": Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and the episodic imaginary“, in Marrapodi, Michele (muh.), Shakespeare and the Visual Arts: The Italian Influence, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-21225-8
• Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018), The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-20160-3
• Link, Luther (1995), The Devil: A Mask Without a Face, London: Reaktion Books, ISBN 0-948462-67-1
• Marcovich, Miroslav (1996), „From Ishtar to Aphrodite“, Journal of Aesthetic Education, 39 (2): 43–59, doi:10.2307/3333191, JSTOR 3333191
• McKinley, Kathryn L. (2001), Reading the Ovidian Heroine: "Metamorphoses" Commentaries 1100–1618, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 90-04-11796-2
• McPhee, Peter (1986), Proceedings of the Fifth George Rudé Seminar in French History, Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington, History Department
• Palagia, Olga; Pollitt, J. J. (1996), Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65738-5
• Penglase, Charles (1994), Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-15706-4
• Pitman, Joanna. On Blondes. New York City and London: Bloomsbury, 2003. ISBN 978-1-58234-402-7. 
• Pizza, Murphy; Lewis, James R. (2009), Handbook of Contemporary Paganism, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16373-7
• Powell, Barry B. (2012) [2004], „Myths of Aphrodite, Artemis, Athena“, Classical Myth (Seventh-nashr), London: Pearson, 211–35-bet, ISBN 978-0-205-17607-6
• Puhvel, Jaan (1987), Comparative Mythology, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-3938-6
• Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane (1994), L'Aphrodite grecque: contribution à l'étude de ses cultes et de sa personnalité dans le panthéon archaïque et classique, Athènes: Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique (Kernos. Supplément; 4
• Rosenzweig, Rachel (2004), Worshipping Aphrodite: Art and Cult in Classical Athens, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-11332-1
• Ruck, Carl; Staples, Blaise Daniel (2001), The Apples of Apollo: Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist, Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 64–70-bet, ISBN 0-89089-924-X
• Sabin, Thea (2010), Wicca for Beginners: Fundamentals of Philosophy & Practice, Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide, ISBN 978-0-7387-1775-3
• Simon, Erika (1983), Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-09184-8
• Slater, Philip Elliot (1968), The Glory of Hera: Greek Mythology and the Greek Family, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00222-3
• Smith, Alison (1996), The Victorian Nude: Sexuality, Morality, and Art, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-4403-0
• Stuttard, David (2016), Greek Mythology: A Traveler's Guide, London and New York: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0500518328
• Taylor, Joan E. (1993), Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-814785-6
• Tinagli, Paola (1997), Women in Italian Renaissance Art: Gender, Representation and Identity, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-4054-X
• Tinkle, Theresa (1996), Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0804725156
• Tinterow, Gary (1999), „Paris, 1841–1867“, Portraits by Ingres: Image of an Epoch, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN 0-87099-891-9
• Walcot, P. (April 1977), „The Judgement of Paris“, Greece & Rome, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 24 (1): 31–39, doi:10.1017/S0017383500019616, JSTOR 642687, S2CID 162573370
• Wasson, R. Gordon (1968), Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality, San Diego, California: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 128-bet, ISBN 0-15-683800-1
• West, M. L. (2008) [1993], Greek Lyric Poetry: A New Translation by M. L. West, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954039-6
• West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 57-bet, ISBN 0-19-815221-3
• West, M. L. (2000), „The Name of Aphrodite“, Glotta, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), 76 (1./2. H): 134–38, JSTOR 40267103
• Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1993), Lambert Isebaert (muh.), „Greek Aphrodite and her Indo-European origins“, Miscellanea Linguistica Graeco-Latina, Namur: Société des études classiques: 115–23Andoza:ISBN?
• Witt, Reginald Eldred (1997), Isis in the Ancient World, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5642-6
• Wunderlich, Hans Georg (1987), The Secret of Crete, Winston, R. tomonidan tarjima qilingan, 134-betAndoza:ISBN?

Havolalar

• Theoi loyihasidan AFRODITA Klassik adabiyot, yunon va rim sanʼatidan maʼlumot
• Ayollar nuqtai nazaridan Gretsiya boʻlgan xurmat
• Safoning Afroditaga atalgan madhiyasi, qisqacha tushuntirish bilan
• Warburg institutining ikonografik maʼlumotlar bazasi (taxminan 2450 ta Afrodita tasviri)